Cara Meningkatkan Hasil keuntungan dari Toko Online

Apakah anda seorang pengusaha Penjualan melalui "Toko Online" ? Jika anda Seorang Pengusaha dibidang Penjualan dengan memanfaatkan Fasilitas Internet dan Website sebagai Toko anda, Lalu bagai mana anda melalukan Peningkatan Penjualan agar memperoleh keuntungan yang berlimpah? Banyak sekarang ini pengusaha-pengusaha memanfaatkan kemajuan "Technology Informasi Internet" sekarang ini sebagai alternative paling menguntungkan dalam menjalankan Marektingnya, Dengan bermodalkan Sebuah Komputer yang terkoneksi dengan jaringan internet akan lebih mempermudah pekerjaan dan meringankan biaya operasional mereka.

Bagi anda yang ingin memulai "Bisnis Online Marketing" atau membuka Website dengan "Toko Online", berikut ini ada beberapa rahasia Sukses Cara Meningkatkan Hasil keuntungan dari Toko Online anda.

• Anda Berusaha Semaksimal mungkin untuk Memperbanyak Jumlah Pengunjung ke website Toko Online anda dengan menarik perhatian pengunjung atas penawaran Produk dan Jasa yang akan anda jual lewat media website toko online tersebut.
• Pastikan bahwa para Pengunjung Website Toko Online anda mudah dan efisien untuk menemukan semua informasi yang mereka butuhkan untuk membeli barang dan jasa yang anda tawarkan.
• Buatlah Calon Pembeli Barang dan Jasa yang anda tawarkan lewat website Toko online anda tidak kesulitan untuk melakukan transaksi pembayaran.

Setelah itu sudah anda lakukan, kemudian anda juga perlu selalu memperhatikan tingkat kemajuan dari Toko Online anda itu, dengan cara :

• Sikap Pengunjung Website Toko Online anda. Perhatikan dengan menggunakan Analysis anda. Apa yang sering dilihat pengunjung didalam Situs Web Toko Online Anda, Apa yang sering diklik oleh Pengunjung (Visitor), Coba Anda Buat Tempat untuk ngobrol seperti Chatroom, lalu perhatikan Halaman mana yang jarang dikunjungi para Visitor.
• Setelah anda menyediakan Chatroom, lalu perhatikan apa yang sering dipertanyakan disana, lalu anda bisa menjelaskannya secara singkat tapi dapat dimengerti.
• Usability Betapa mudahnya bagi pengunjung dan pelanggan untuk menemukan informasi yang mereka inginkan, untuk menavigasi toko Anda dan membeli.
• Bagaimana pengunjung tiba di toko Anda dan metode untuk meningkatkan lalu lintas yang ditargetkan.
• Bagai mana anda meningkatkan Toko Online anda sedangkan persaingan sudah mulai ramai.
• Metode untuk meningkatkan penjualan kepada pelanggan yang sudah ada - memaksimalkan setiap penjualan dan generasi penjualan berulang.
• Toko Administrasi - metode untuk mengurangi waktu administrasi dan biaya sehingga Anda dapat mencurahkan sumber daya untuk orang-orang merchandising.

Apabila anda melakukan Seperti keterangan diatas, mudah-mudahan usaha anda dalam bidang penjualan dengan memanfaatkan Website sebagai Toko Online dapat berjalan dengan lancar sehingga meningkatkan penjualan anda dan memperoleh keuntungan yang banyak. Selain Cara Meningkatkan Hasil keuntungan dari Toko Online yang telah anda baca di atas, anda juga bisa mencari trik-trik lain dengan memanfaatkan "Engine Internet Marketing Search" atau mesin pencari internet marketing

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Menggunakan Liberty Reserve Sebagai Alat Transaksi Deposit Marketiva

Untuk Anda yang baru "Belajar Forex" dan masih pemula, setelah memahami fungsi fungsi tombol Marketiva dan telah sedikit lancar belajar valas dengan uang virtual, saya sarankan segera melakukan deposit dan belajar forex dengan uang sungguhan. Karena ada perbedaan antara belajar valas menggunakan uang virtual dengan belajar forex menggunakan uang yang sesungguhnya, terutama di mental. Anda bisa rasakan sendiri perbedaannya pada saat mencoba bertransaksi dengan uang betulan, pasti beda banget rasanya.

"Cara Deposit ke Marketiva menggunakan Liberty Reserve" kita pilih dengan alasan kecepatan, kemudahan, serta effisiensi biaya. Inilah Metoda Teraman, Tercepat, Termurah, serta Termudah untuk Deposit dan Withdrawal di Marketiva.

Berikut beberapa Keunggulan Liberty Reserve: 

Biaya minimum adalah 1% dari jumlah transfer, maksimumnya $0.99 per tranfer berapapun jumlah uang yang di transfer, proses Instant (langsung masuk saat itu juga), sudah banyak exchanger LibertyReserve di Indonesia sehingga sangat mudah untuk proses jual belinya, serta keamanan pasti terjamin. Bandingkan dengan Wire Transfer (transfer antar rekening bank) yang prosesnya membutuhkan 2-7 hari kerja dan biaya yang mahal sekitar 14 USD sampai 40 USD! Ayo buat account Liberty Reserve Anda sekarang juga! GRATIS dan langsung dapat BONUS $0.05.

Untuk bisa mentransfer uang anda ke Marketiva melalui LibertyReserve, pertama-tama anda harus mempunyai rekening LibertyReserve. Silakan kunjungi www.LibertyReserve.com untuk membuat account LibertyReserve baru milik Anda, membuat rekening LibertyReserve adalah gratis dan tidak memerlukan setoran awal. Untuk mengisi rekening LibertyReserve, anda bisa membeli di exchanger-exchanger yang terpercaya, anda bisa mencarai exchanger terpercaya di segmen Memilih Exchanger yang Aman dan Nyaman. Setelah anda mempunyai dana di LibertyReserve anda bisa mentransfernya ke Marketiva.

Ada kalanya deposit dari halaman Marketiva mengalami kegagalan, maka solusinya Anda bisa transfer manual dari dalam Account LibertyReserve anda. Caranya silakan login ke account LibertyReserve Anda, setelah anda berada di dalam account LibertyReserve, pilih menu Transfer, isikan amount dengan jumlah uang yang akan dikirim, untuk memo silakan isikan username anda di Marketiva, misal username anda adalah traderman21, maka isikan di memo traderman21, setelah proses transfer selesai berikanlah nomor batch ke team support agar deposit bisa segera diproses. Nomor account LibertyReserve milik Marketiva bisa Anda dapatkan disini dan log on ke account Marketiva Anda (Ingat, halaman ini hanya untuk mengambil nomor account LibertyReserve milik Marketiva, setelah anda ambil dengan cara copy, maka anda perlu paste di halaman transfer pada LibertyReserve Anda). 

Beberapa menit kemudian nomor batch atau nomor transaksi anda akan diperiksa oleh team support Marketiva. Anda akan diberitahu bahwa deposit sudah masuk dan berada di Default Desk, untuk bisa ditradingkan di forex, anda perlu pindahkan dana tersebut dari Default Desk ke Live Forex Desk.

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Pemusnahan Uang Lusuh Oleh Bank Indonesia Mencapai Rp.161,79 Triliun

Kepada Masyarakat Yang Mempergunakan Uang Kertas Agar Memperhatikan atau Menjaga Kerapian Uang Kertas Agar tidak terjadi kerusakan atau Lusuh yang akan mengakibatkan Uang kertas tersebut enggan di terima apabila dipergunakan saat transaksi pembayaran. Berbagai Macam Jenis kerusakan yang bisa terjadi pada uang kertas sehingga terkadang enggan untuk menukarkannya atau membelikannya dengan sesuatu barang.

Himbauan ini disampaikan oleh Deputi Gubernur Bank Indonesia Ronald Waas, Yang bertujuan agar mengurangi angka pemusnahan yang dilakukan Oleh BI terhadap Uang Kertas yang sudah tidak bisa di Pakai.

"Kalau punya uang dijaga baik-baik, jangan sampai lusuh, dilipat-lipat dan sobek",Ungkapnya.

Perlu di perhatikan, Pemusnahan Uang kertas yang dilakukan oleh Bank Indonesia karena uang kertas tidak dapat dipakai lagi sudah mencapai Rp.161,79 Triliun, Sementara untuk priode Januari - Juli 2012 uang yang dimusnahkan mencapai Rp38,19 triliun. Jumlah ini sangat banyak walaupun tiap tahun sudah turun karna banyak terbantu oleh Para pengguna uang Elektronik, sehingga tidak lagi menggunakan Langsung Uang sebagai alat transaksi.

Ia menjelaskan, uang lusuh yang tidak terpakai itu dilaporkan oleh kantor cabang di semua daerah setiap bulan untuk dimusnahkan dan diganti dengan uang baru.

Kategori tingkat kelusuhan akan dilakukan oleh mesin sortasi dengan memilah uang mana yang masih layak digunakan dan mana yang tidak.

"Kemudian baru dimusnahkan, tiap kantor cabang sudah punya mesinnya," kata dia.

Bank Indonesia kini berupaya mendorong penggunaan uang elektronik untuk mengurangi penggunaan uang tunai.

"Kita harus kurangi uang tunai karena sudah tidak praktis lagi baik dari segi keamanan atau pemakaian, kalau uang tunai hilang ya sudah kan hilang. Sekarang kan sudah ada Elektronic Money, nggak ribet harus ke mall cari ATM lagi jadinya," ujarnya.

Maka dari itu, agar tidak semakin banyaknya Uang kertas yang akan di musnahkan oleh Bank Indonesia, Diharapkan Kepada Masyarakat yang mempergunakan uang kertas tunai sebagai Alat Transaksi supaya dapat menjaga kerapian dari uang tersebut, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik walaupun sudah berpindah tangan dari si A, B, C dan seterusnya.

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Cara mengembangkan Usaha Dengan Bantuan jaringan Internet

Bagi Anda yang memiliki usaha disegala bentuk, bidang usaha. sekarang anda bisa dengan mudah melakukan pemasaran dengan menggunakan internet. Anda tidak perlu susah susah untuk membuat Pemasaran dengan menyewa beberapa sales.

Langkah yang perlu anda lakukan hanyalah belajar mempergunakan komputer dan perangkat Internet, dengan mengenal internet, maka besar kemungkinan usaha kecil anda bisa menjadi usaha yang besar dengan sistem marketing dan pemasaran melalui internet yang berbagai basis seperti salah satu membuat satu website penjualan, pemasaran dll dan dengan melakukan target pemasaran di berbagai media online, forum dll.

Untuk Melakukan hal diatas, terlebih dahulu anda perlu mengetahui dan memahami istilah garis besar dalam internt, Mengetahui Bagaimana memanfaatkan internet untuk mengembangkan usaha kecil menengah Anda ? Sebelumnya, saya ingin menegaslkan betapa pentingnya internet bagi usaha kecil menengah Indonesia.

Nah, Berikut ini Beberapa Garis Besar tentang Pengembangan usaha dengan internet :

Pengembangan usaha anda bisa meningkatkan kredibilitasnya dengan bantuan internet.

Pengembangan Usaha anda bisa berkembang dengan mendapatkan mitra secara online.

Selain itu anda juga dapat mempromosikan bisnis dan usaha anda, dengan biaya murah namun memiliki efektifitas yang luar biasa.

Pengembangan usaha anda tidak terbatas atau dengan kata lain mengembangkan jaringan bisnis anda tidak hanya di kota anda, tetapi ke pelosok nusantara, atau bahkan dunia.

itulah beberapa garis besar kelebihan yang anda peroleh dari internet untuk pengembangan Usaha anda. Lalu bagai mana cara melakukannya..?

Dibawah ini beberapa Cara yang dapat anda lalukan untuk mencapai hal diatas.

1. Membuat Situs Bisnis Online

Buatlah situs bisnis yang menjual. artinya, buatlah situs bisnis yang benar-benar mengikuti kaidah marketing online.

Banyak situs bisnis yang tidak bisa menjual produknya. Hal ini disebabkan karena situs bisnis tersebut tidak mengikuti kaidah marketing online. anda bisa mencari denganan Google Search untuk membuat situs bisnis penjualan yang efisiens.

2. malalukan Promosi Bisnis Secara benar dengan bantuan berbagai media, seperti Facebook, Twitter, Friendster, Blogger, Forum, dll. sehingga situs Anda dikunjungi banyak orang. Banyak fasilitas gratis di internet untuk promosi situs bisnis Anda selain yang saya sebutin di atas, tinggal anda memilih dengan benar.

Nah, dengan langkah-langkah diatas, bisnis apapun yang ingin tawarkan dengan melalui jaringan internet, maka bisnis anda akan diminati orang.

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Tips Mencari Business Online Dengan Perangkat Internet

Bingung Memilih "Bisnis" melalui "Internet"..? atau anda Kesulitan Memulai "Bisnis Online" tersebut..? Berbagai alasan memang akan membuat kita untuk sulit mengikuti Praktek Bisnis Online yang terlalu banyak menjanjikan lewat internet dan tidak sedikit bisnis-bisnis yang ada di internet hanya janji-janji belaka yang alhasil tiba pembayaran tidak kunjung datang, bisnis internet yang seperti ini sering disebut dengan Scam. Lalu bagai mana memilih "Bisnis Internet" yang benar-benar menghasilkan dan menjanjikan untuk tetap setia menjalankan Bisnis tersebut..??

Berikut ini "Tips Mencari Business Online" Dengan Perangkat Internet yang bisa anda pilih dan lakukan untuk mendapatkan incom atau hasil yang benar-benar memebrikan peluang buat anda.

1. Mencari Peluang Bisnis di Situs Penyedia Peluang Bisnis - Untuk COntoh-Contoh Situs yang menyediakan layanan businees online, bisa anda cari melalui layanan search dari google dengan Keyword peluang Bisnis.
2. Mencari Peluang Bisnis Di Milis (Mailing List) - Jika Anda memiliki account email di Yahoo, maka saat ini Anda bisa menjadi anggota milis. Silahkan kunjungi "YahooGroups", dan pilih milis yang Anda inginkan.
3. Mencari Peluang Bisnis Di Situs Iklan Baris - Cara lain untuk mencari peluang bisnis adalah dengan mengunjungi situs iklan baris. Di Indonesia, saat ini ada banyak sekali situs iklan baris. Kunjungilah situs iklan baris yang memiliki pengujung setia yang cukup banyak. beberapa contoh situs iklan baris yang banyak pengunjungnya antara lain : IklanIklan.com dll. Kunjungilah secara berkala situs iklan baris, agar Anda bisa mengetahui peluang bisnis terbaru.
4. Mencari Peluang Bisnis Di Mesin Pencari - Siapa yang tidak mengenal mesin pencari. Semua orang yang mengenal internet, pasti mengetahui apa itu mesin pencari. Ada banyak mesin pencari di internet. Namun yang sangat populer antara lain : Google dan Yahoo.

Mencari peluang bisnis di mesin pencari sangat mudah. Anda tinggal mengunjungi situs, sperti Google atau Yahoo, lalu mengetikkan kata kunci jenis peluang bisnis yang Anda cari. Misalnya, Anda adalah seorang yang ingin berbisnis online, Anda tinggal mengetikkan kata kunci " bisnis online", "Bisnis Internet", "peluang bisnis online" atau yang lainnya.

Dengan Membaca Tips Mencari Business Online Dengan Perangkat Internet ini, Mudah-mudahan Busniess yang anda tekuni dengan perangkat internet dapat berjalan dengan baik dan memperoleh hasil dan selalu sukses.

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10 Kinds Signs of Fraud in Online Business

In the Internet World wide range of activities we can search by using Search Engine as the biggest search engine Google.com today.

For the young executive who frequently use the internet as much land Business sometimes commit fraud or often called Scam.

Well, If you are one of the active Internet user and do Business via the Internet to be careful in choosing an existing Business, do not let you be tempted by promises of a stack of money with just a few moments. To anticipate that you will not be deceived by such promises, it helps you learn in advance whether the business actually paid or simply iming-iminga just to make you join and do what is hinted at in the business.

As Busniness Reference Materials Online via the Internet, here I want to share with you about 10 kinds of signs of Fraud in Online Business on the Internet.

1. Too much Marketing Terms - Home Business Opportunity : No experience required. No work involved. Earn $2000 in one week! It's easy to spot these kinds of scams because they're full of too good to be true promises. And, exclamation points, too. What job will earn you that much money in a week without having to have experience and NOT having to work at all? None. Nada. Zilch! 
2. Too friendly email - I mean the intro part of the email. If an email from someone you don't know starts with "Hello my friend", Dear friend, and they weren't filtered by your spam box, consider these emails not so trustworthy. This method of scamming is known as phishing or fishing for details or information that will put your financial security in danger. 
3. Money Matters - It promises that you can make money online. But you have to pay that upfront, one-time fee first for some training materials. Shady! 
4. Assembled Jobs - If a home based Business Opportunity requires you to assemble furniture or stuff envelops, these are generic but often overlooked signs of a true blue scam. 
5. Country Representative Job Offer - Coupled with sign no. 2, if an email offers you a job as a payment receiver requiring you to deposit a check on their behalf or anything similar to that job description, you're doomed if you reply. 
6. Job Offer that Requires Your Picture to Get Hired - Unless you are applying as a model, which is not a form of online money making venture, someone who's looking for, say, a virtual assistant and asks that she sends a picture is offering something suspicious. Lots of free job listing sites have these types of job posts. Be very, very careful. 
7. Employer has no Online Presence - If you are trying to win an online job but when you researched about the online presence of your would-be employer and there's no trace of his name or his company, ask your employer about his company or his business first. 
8. Presence of Pressure Tactics - If the online business opportunity tells you that you will get a chance to win a anti-scam book if you sign up now or you can avail of an early bird discount, walk! Unless they're coaching or consultancy services which are not direct ways to earn money online, you should not be subjected to these kinds of pressuring if the opportunity will really make you money. 
9. Request from Employer or Sponsor that You Keep the Offer a Secret - Coupled with scam sign no. 2 and 5, if the email sender asks you to keep your transactions confidential just for any reason at all, red flag, red flag, red flag! They don't want you to inform others that you are about to get scammed, of course. 
10. Emails from Someone in Nigeria - Although many Nigerians who use Internet scamming as past time, have already figured out that lots of Westerners already know that they should not trust any email from someone in Nigeria, there are still those who are gullible enough to fall for these frauds.

Educate your friends and family who love to use the Internet. They can still be too busy checking their emails or MySpace pages to know these signs.

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Tips to be a Reliable Web Developer

You've got expertise in web design? or you are good at coding the program? I'm sure with 2 capital base, you can start earning money from the internet. How can it? Tips and tricks blog at this time, I want to share his secrets with you.

• Find out what areas are needed today's Market - Website in the world, we know a lot of the current web application. Wherever possible you should be able to meet all these needs, although not directly as a whole, but at least gradually but surely.
• Find a partner or partners that can help you work - This is very important. An example is me. My expertise is in the field of web design. I was quite master the field of HTML and CSS, so for web design issues, I can do yourself. My weakness is the coding program, used to create the application specific website. How do I solve this problem? The answer is: Find a partner who controlled the field. Perform oper project, where you will get a commission from the project. In this way, then all client requests can be fulfilled. Finding a partner is not easy, so much is hanging out, join in many webmaster forums, etc.
• Master Internet Marketing, Particularly SEO - When a few months ago, I launched my web www.jasapembuatanweb.com, almost 95% of my clients come from search engines, especially Google. After a long walk, along with the many clients, the percentage to be reduced, 80% of SEO, 20% of word of mouth. As we know, the best level of marketing is word of mouth promotion. That was a sign of your business can be trusted and known to many people.
• Keep learning about new things - As a web developer, keep learning about new things. Not only learn about the world wide web, but also learn about management, leadership, how to get along, how to motivate yourself, etc.
• Refreshing to do in my spare time - I always do routine 2x a week of basketball. I regularly every Wednesday and Friday basketball, 5 pm, at the Taman Menteng Jakarta. I do this because of the exercise, mind, soul, and my body back fresh. Always comes new ideas and innovations. You were together, doing refreshing on a regular basis according to your interests.
• Make a Business Card - Business cards are very important. Make business cards at least 2 boxes, containing 200 cards. Enter the 10 cards in your wallet. Each time you meet with your friends, every time you meet new people, give them your business card. Maybe they do not need you now, but if at any time they need your services, they live to see your data on your card.
• When you are Starting a Big Business, make a Business entity - I was planning on this march to make a business entity. At least CV-based enterprises or small-scale PT should be able to soon I have. I was triggered to quickly create a business entity as I already 2x reject the tender of two major companies that came to me. I can not accept because they require should have a business entity. It is unfortunate is not it? whereas the value of a tender could be hundreds of millions.
• Perform time Management of your Job - This you can do such as making a definite working hours, ie weekdays from Monday - Saturday, hours of work from the hours of 08:00 to 17:00.
• Make your System Work - You can create your own working system that you think is effective and can simplify your job. You work the system if you can describe in your TOS (TERM OF SERVICE AGREEMENT or EMPLOYMENT). Describe your TOS on your website. This is important, especially to cope with finicky clients who want it a lot, which will be difficult for yourself if there is no definite TOS. I, too, was perfecting my current system is working.

Well for now that's all of my tips. I describe all this based on personal experience. May be useful for you.

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Advantages and Benefits Online Business or Shop Online

Shop Online with Internet-based websites and networks are very beneficial for those of you who want to start this business. some advantages and keutungan of online business in a way which means that Cheap Capital Cost required when building a business online is not so expensive because you need is a domain purchase costs, hosting and website. you can get it easily, you can purchase Domain of the seller or service can be by way of rent, and even now you can get a free domain. you can get a free domain at the same time you can join the company to develop your online business.

Where do I like?

Google.com company offered an opportunity for us who want to develop business through online business and opportunity that you can be through Google Adwords program or you can sign up through bisnisgoonline.

with this program, then your capital for entrepreneurship will be smaller. apart from the program bisnisgoonline.co.id google you can also create a website with free via Blogspot, Wordpress and Multiply, it could be through the website maintained by TokoBagus.com domestic companies also offer services similar to Google Adwords Program. while you are selling products to promote .. you can promote it through various social networking sites such as Facebook.com, Twitter, Google +, Kaskus, and other sites for free, you only need a computer and networking devices.

There are still many advantages besides that you can get from an online business as compared to offline business, you do not need to provide a place, Kiosk, Shop, or any other counter. you do not need a lot of physical exertion to operate your store, which costs you need is the cost of Internet Billing, Cost Electricity Bills, Telephone Bills and service fees pengelolahan Website if you are less proficient.

Online Business As you can operate it with whatever you like, whenever you want to operate .. you are determining the time. Because Internet users are spread all over the world are ready to become your customer for 24 hours. whatever you want to sell through this online course, there must be an interest to buy it as long as requested by the customer.

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Market Structure and Competition in the Corporate World

The Market Structure of the Factors that can affect Behavior and Performance of Firms in the Market, such as the number of firms in the market, Production Scale, the number of Buyers, Consumer Knowledge, ability to lower the price and others.

Here are some kind of Market Force in the Corporate World.
A. Market Competition Perfect (Perfect Market Competition)
Perfect Competition market is also called the market Competitive or Competitive Market.
Principal characteristic of perfect competition can be in the know are the following:

• Sellers and buyers are very much
• Homogeneous Products (Same Business Solutions)
• Free to enter the Market and Abandoned.
• Consumers know the Market Conditions
• Factors Free Moving
• There is no Government Intervention.

B. Market Oligopoly
One form of Oligopoly is a Market Structure where there are only a few Manufacturers or just the few Companies that sell Products that are identical or similar to each other.
C. Monopoly Market
In accordance with namannya, Monopoly is a market structure where there is only one seller or manufacturer that served so many customers or consumers.
 To Explain the Monopoly Market Structure Necessary to know the cause or the Sources of Monopoly. The source of monopoly is as follows :

• Resource Monopoly
• Government monopoly of Creation
• Natural Monopoly

D. Monopolistic Competition Market (Monopolistic Competition)
Market is a Monopolistic Competition Market Structure with many Manufacturers who sell Products more or less the same, but with different variations. Market Characterized by Monopolistic Competition as follows:

• There are Many Sellers
• There is Product Differentiation
• There is Freedom for out of the Market.

E. Monopsony Market
Monopsony Market is a form of market controlled by one person / agency / institution as a buyer with peawaran of a seller / manufacturer so that the buyer has the ability to set prices. Examples of PT. Railway Indonesia is the only company that controls the pricing range of railway equipment in Indonesia. State Electricity Company (PLN) control pricing power pole.
F. Duopsoni Market
Duopsoni is a form of market is dominated by two people / companies as buyers with offers from a number of sellers. Examples of telecommunications infastruktur SLI produced by enterprises in Indonesia just purchased by two companies, namely PT. Telkomsel and PT. Indosat.
G. Oligopsoni Market
Oligopsoni market is a form of market dominated by some companies as an offer from a buyer with the seller. Examples of Telkom, Indosat, Mobile-8, Excelcomindo is some infastruktur buyers of mobile telecommunications company.

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Know the Various Types Online Business

Perhaps among my friends already know, a lot of the kinds or type of "Business Online on the Internet", now we just choose whatever Business we like, from a paid up to the free.

There are Various Business Models of the sum of the Website that I visited, among others:

• Ebook Business - One of the most effective way for the thinkers, makers and experts to sell the concept of ideas, knowledge and skills. If you are smart, have a particular idea or skill? then try to make e-book business and sell online. Possible behavior / no buyers there. And business model is the most popular and sold well.
• Affiliate Program - Many large companies to join in an affiliate marketing group, we can join the Group and Company market - perusaahan it online. The most popular example is Commission Junction, LinkShare, Share a Sale, ClixGalore etc.. 
• Autosurf Programs - Autosurf programs are programs on the Internet, where all members are required to make surfing the web. This means that you will be paid according to the percentage of your surfing. Many are also among Autosurf programs are a scam / fraud, so is expected to be more careful in choosing. 
• MLM Business - Business network marketing / multilevel marketing or network marketing can be executed online. Business prospects in Indonesia is very promising, especially Internet users grows, you just need cunning to choose a good MLM company, which is backed up by larger companies, so you run a mlm business can survive and continue to grow. 
• Business Software - IT experts in the world, create a software that can be marketed to the public. Many businesses - business software such as: Email Software, Software Submit Search Engine, AntiVirus Software, Educational Software, etc.. 
• Business Survey / Opinion Content - Lots of business on the internet that offer opportunities to us, one of which is the Job Survey. How it works we are asked to fill out a form survey of several pieces of Big Companies who are market study, from which we get paid well. Nominal amount of the payment depends on the company they will be the clincher, it's just another - another priority for Indonesian citizens is still very small. Most cater to the American people, canada or the UK, where there Market of the company who makes TSB survey.
• Business Typing / Typing - Working on the internet by typing the task - the task given by some companies in America, just for the Indonesian market is still small.

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Choose Business Multi Level Marketing (MLM)

Understanding Multi Level Marketing (MLM)

Proverb says, Unknown, Not So unfortunately. That is what may be suited to explain why people view tilted about Multi-Level Marketing business (MLM). Therefore, once offered this business opportunity, people will run away and a thousand steps to not see the opportunities offered.

In fact, if we know about the system, we will see that there is nothing to fear.

Multi-Level Marketing, or often referred to as MLM, is another marketing ploy to sell goods directly (direct selling). Direct selling / direct sales itself, its understanding is the sale of goods and / or services to consumers by way of face to face outside the fixed retail location by marketing network developed by Business Partners and worked on commission sales, bonus sales and membership fees are reasonable ( www.apli.or.id). Direct Selling in the run, usually a corporation using a two ways, namely:

1. Single Level Marketing (Marketing One Level), the point is:

Methods of marketing goods and / or services from the system through a direct sales marketing program in the form of the level, where Business Partners earn sales commissions and sales bonuses from the sales of goods and / or services do for himself.

2. Multi Level Marketing (Multi Level Marketing), the point is:

Methods of marketing goods and / or services from the system through a direct sales marketing program in the form of more than one level, where partners earn sales commissions and sales bonuses from the sales of goods and / or services do for himself and members of the network in the group.

Judging from the understanding, there is nothing to be scared of Multi Level Marketing system. But still we must be careful in choosing a direct sales company. Some of the things listed below should be considered when we choose a direct selling company:

A. Business partners may only purchase a membership from the company only once.

B. The Company shall not give advantage to business partners only on the recruitment

of new members.

C. In the company, there must be goods or services traded and used by consumers.

D. Goods are not used merely as a cover, which will be seen when the goods are sold

at a price that is not fair.

E. Gains or profits derived by the members are mainly based on the sale of goods or

services to consumers, rather than recruiting new members.

F. There is training on product knowledge and how to sell to business partners.

G. There is a buy back guarantee (a guarantee to buy back after deduction of all

associated costs) of the product or the company is still worth selling inventory

owned by the members when a member resigned from the company.

So do not be afraid if you are offered a direct selling business. With a direct selling business, the capital cost will not be for having my own shop, because normally we would not be asked to dump the goods, but sell through catalogs, we can take it anywhere.

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Price Index and Inflation in world trade

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

If you are Diligent to hear or see the Economic News, you may need to read up on the price index. Known capital market composite stock price index, known in the trade of the wholesale trade price index, and the measurement of inflation known consumer price index. Discussed in this section a useful index to measure price inflation, the consumer price index (CPI) or the "Consumer Price Index" (CPI).

The Inflation rate usually calculated from the percentage change in CPI over a period of time. Understanding the consumer price index is a measure of the average change in prices of a commodity packages (Commodity Basket) in a certain period of time or over time. CPI describes the changes in general of a number (Packet) commodity consumption in urban households. Packages of commodities used in compiling the CPI obtained from the household expenditure survey is usually called the cost of living survey (SBH). According to Central Bureau of Statistics, the price index numbers are numbers that show the comparison of prices in two different times so that the price index number is defined as the number of comparisons between the prices of commodities or kelompokkomoditas which occurred in a period of time with a predetermined period of time. Because the price data used is the price the consumer price index used is the consumer price index.

CPI calculation purposes are as follows:

1. Knowing the price development of goods and services incorporated in the CPI scale diagram
2. As a guideline to determine a policy that will come, especially in the field of economic development.
3. For calculating the minimum wage adjustment counties (SMEs)
4. Supply and demand facilitate the monitoring needs of the particular goods in the market.

To Calculate the CPI need to know first the prices of which are preferably used. The consumer price index covers the prices of commodities commonly purchased household. Changes in the CPI is intended to measure changes in household living expenses. In addition, the prices of different commodities are usually changed with different proportions, so keep in mind how important changes in the price of a commodity, such as changes in the price of rice was more important than price changes in bird nests turtledove. Thus in calculating the CPI each commodity is weighted to reflect the relative importance of these commodities.

Government through the central statistical agency regularly conducts a survey of a group of so-called household survey of consumer spending. The result will show how consumers spend penghasilannya.untuk give weight to, a group of consumer goods purchased bias determined in advance, and then the proportion of income spent for each item. The proportion is used as the weight on each price in determining the CPI. As a result, the CPI gives a high weighting in commodity prices which consumers spend less income.

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The division of Economics and differences with Macroeconomics Microeconomics

According Alferd W. Stoner and Douglas C. Hague economics can be divided into three sections as follows:

A. Descriptiv Economics (Descriptive Economics)
Economics is to collect all the important facts about the subject (topic) which are listed, such as agricultural system in Bali, or the cotton industry in India.

B. Economic Theory (Theory or Theory of Economic sciences Economics)
Economics provides a simplified explanation of how an economic system works and is an important characteristic of the system. Economics of science theory is divided into micro and macro economics.

C. Applied Economics (Applied Economics)
Economics is trying to use the basic framework of the general and economic analysis provided by the theory to explain the causes and significance of events reported by the economists descriptive.

Micro and Macro Economics

Economics is divided into two broad subfields, namely micro-economics (microeconomics) and macroeconomics (macro economics). Micro-economics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. Microeconomics to discuss for example how a household allocates its income to buy goods and services in order to meet the needs. Economics experts discuss the effect of micro usually caused by a policy of the company or individual households. For example, the effects of the policy of compulsory education on labor income.

Macro economics is the study of the phenomenon or the phenomenon of the economy at large. Macroeconomics to discuss the overall economy. Discusses the macroeconomic production as a whole, is no longer a company such as micro-economics. In discussing the overall economy, focusing on macroeconomics and economic policy variables that influence it. For example, discusses the macroeconomic level of national unemployment, national income levels, and the national inflation rate.

Differences in Macroeconomic Microeconomics

Of understanding and examples given above we can conclude the difference between micro economics macro economics.
The differences are as follows.

A. Microeconomic discuss how households and firms make decisions, while talking about not only the macro-economic households and firms, but the economy as a whole.
B. Microeconomics is a part of various macroeconomic variables like consumption, savings, and income. This means that if the microeconomic discuss a particular company earnings, macroeconomic even discuss the company's national income in the economy.
C. Microeconomics deals with the flow of goods and services from companies or manufacturers to households or consumers, the flow of factors of production from households to firms and pricing of goods and services, both as a production factor as well as consumer goods.

If further review, the real focus of microeconomics is the corporate sector, namely how the company makes a profit in producing goods and services. Profit is one of the objectives of the company. Business makes a profit in the company's need to know in advance what items will be produced, in what amounts and sold at what price.

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Market or Capitalist Economic System

In a "Market Economy System", the main Economic issues submitted to "Individu Mechanism" and Companies make decisions about Production and Consumption. Price system, market system, the system gains and losses, as well as incentives and rewards perinsip, is key to answer the what, how, and for whom goods and services are distributed.

What commodity issues and how much should be produced, delivered to the market. The Company always produces a variety of products needed by society and profitable as possible for the company. For example, people need warm clothing and wet season, the company will produce it. How many sweaters to be in production and how the quality depends on the ability of the public or consumer purchasing power. Problem will be solved through Market Mechanisms.

The issue of how to produce, the company will choose the most efficient ways of production and efficient. The most efficient way of production or efficient production methods that are low cost. For example, 1,000 pieces of warm clothing in a week can be generated by two ways. The first way, using the 10 workers and 5 sewing machines. The second way, with labor 7 and 7 sewing machine. If the first way is more expensive, companies need to select it as the most efficient way of production. However, the system of capitalism or the market as a pure system no longer exists.

In the Capitalist Economic System or Government Market has three main functions, namely:

• Governments Increase Efficiency by creating competition and externalities such as pollution control and provide public goods.
• Pemetinyah Promote Justice by using taxes and programs to redistribute income pengeluaranya to special groups.
• Government assist the Development of Macro-Economic Stability and Growth, reduce unemployment, and inflation by encouraging economic growth through physical and monetary policy.

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Trade Transactions with the Companys Return And Allowances Purchases

"Merchandise Purchased" sometimes not with the order or in a state of defective or damaged and had to be returned. Return of this Merchandise to reduce the amount of the debt if the Purchase is made on credit. In certain circumstances may a debt reduction is not offset by the return of goods for consideration of the cost of return greater than the price of goods or other factors. If the returns or price request occurs, the buyer must make proof pncatatan a debit note or debit memo to the seller.

Registration of a memorandum of debate by the buyer will be recorded in the accounts payable side debate, whereas purchase returns and credits next to a price reduction. Date Posted memorandum debate 9maret No. 2012. Welfare took 105 to the return of damaged goods due for Rp. 25000.00.

These terms are often used in Economics

• Cash Ratio: The total assets of Commercial Banks (Commercial Banks) are retained in the form of assets that have high liquidity to meet withdrawals by customers and other financial obligations.
• Cateris Paribus: A term in Latin meaning "if other things equal" is widely used in the analysis as a technique for economi explain.
• Crculair Flow Diagram: A simple explanation of the physical or cash flow and real flow happening in the economy and to analyze the macroeconomic
• Derived Demand: Demand for a particular input factor or a particular Product depends on the demand for some goods.
• Devaluation: exchange rate policy (rate) against other currencies in the system of fixed exchange rates.
• Dissaving: Expenditures for greater consumption of disposable income, the difference is paid from previous savings.
• Dumping: An item with a price below that charged in the domestic market.
• Economic of Scale: long-term decline of the average cost that occurs due to an increase in firm output (all input factors are not fixed).
• Efficiency: The criteria in the assessment of how well pasa allocate resources.
• Elasticity of Supply: The response rate from the amount of certain product offerings to changes in the price of the product.
• Elasticity: A measure of the level of response from the quantity demanded of a particular product to changes in one free variable that affects demand for such products.
• Entrepreneurship: The act of any person who is always looking for new challenges with emphasis on a certain standard, which is driven by the desire to achieve with existing resources in yourself in order for profit.
• Equilibrium: A statement of the balance with no tendnsi to change.
• Commodities: Raw materials that can be classified according to quality standards and comply with international trade, such as wheat, coffee, and rubber.
• Law of Diminishing Returns: The law in the theory of supply of diminishing marginal in the short term or variable input factor proportions stating that prtambahan factor does not remain the same input in the production function.
• Index: use the sample flow of goods and services each period and measures the average price of a basket of goods and services as well as mmperlihatkan average price is in the form of a single index number.
• Input: the production factors labor, capital, etc. are combined to produce output of goods and services.
• Investment: Capital Expenditures for the purchase of physical assets such as factories, machinery, and equipment (fixed investment) and supply (Stocks), the physical or real investments.
• Inflation rate: Percentage change in price level at any given time compared to the price level at an earlier time peridoe.
• Liquidity: The degree to which an asset (asset) can be converted into the currency (the currency), or banknotes and coins to be used as a means of payment.
• Output: Goods and services produced by mnggunakan a combination of factor inputs input.
• Preferences: Choices (choices) made by the consumer for the products consumed.
• Product Differention: An element of market behavior is trying to differentiate their products with competitors' products.
• Production Possibility Frontier: The Production Possibilities Frontier memprlihatkan maximum amount of goods and services that can be produced by an economy at any given time with the resources and technology available.
• Recapitalization: The injection of new capital into a business unit (usually a banking institution).
• Revaluation: An increase in the set to the value of a currency (the currency) compared with other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system (fixed exchange rate system).
• Scarcity: Inventory of economic resources (factors of production) is relatively limited compared to the demand for goods and services are not limited.
• Interest Rate: The interest rate or tariff is justified by the bank on the loan money.
• Consumer Surplus: Satisfaction or additional utility derived from the consumer price of a good payment lower than the price consumers are willing to pay.
• Time Lag: The time difference between the present position of the indicator base future periods (Leading Indicators) and indicators of past periods (Logging Indicator) as well as the Economic Cycle (Business Cycle) overall.

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Understanding the Market Oligopoly with description and market characteristics.

Oligopoly is a form of market structure where there are only a few or a few manufacturers who sell products that are identical or similar to each other.

The main feature of oligopoly markets there are only a few companies in the market, such as the world oil market is filled by the middle eastern countries only, cellular telephone services market in Indonesia is only filled by Telkomsel, Indosat, Pro-XL, Axis, and Esia.

Due to the small players in this market, the most striking properties that arises is the strong attraction between the desire and interests of unilateral cooperation among the existing companies on the market. For example, Vodacom intends to work with Indosat in tariff setting in the daytime so that the price received by both parties could be higher than the price set by each company so that it could be higher profit-making. This desire may not appeal to Indosat Indosat feel better because it sets its own rates just because it can be more flexible in menetapkanya individually.

Another characteristic is the presence of price rigidity. Price rigidity occurs when a competitor lowers the price of its products. For example PT.Telkomsel lower the cost of SMS, from Rp.350 to Rp.150. This action will be followed by Indosat with helped reduce the cost of SMS. This is because indosat worry if it does not lower the cost of the same customers will move to Telkomsel. However, if the PT. Telkomsel raise the cost of Rp 350 to Rp 500 SMS Indosat will also raise the cost is not the same as hoping to get new customers who move from Telkomsel. So the price in the oligopoly market is tough to ride, but not tough to get off.

The next cirri is a cartel. In oligopoly markets it is possible to perform the cartel, which is two or more similar firms merge into one to form a monopoly. This will be explained further in the case of duopoly.

Oligopoli Market last characteristic is the existence of price leadership. Usually this happens if there is one big company to act as a leader and a follower of other small companies only.

Goodness Market Oligopoly

Goodness Oligopoly markets are as follows:

a. Efficiency. Sometimes it takes only a few companies on the market just so that other companies will only mempersengit persainan thus raising production costs. For example, in market there are only a boeing aircraft and water buses.

b. Because it is involved in the market only a few companies, if they brsaing would be more beneficial to consumers in terms of price and quality of the product because if one of these companies to raise prices, moved keperusahaan competitors direct their customers.

As for the ugliness of the Market Oligopoly is as follows:

a. It takes a great investment and capital to enter the market because of economies of scale that has been created by companies that are in the market so it is very difficult to enter the market.

b. In the market there may be a company that holds patents on a product that is not possible for other companies to manufacture the same product.

c. Some companies in the market may already have a loyal customer or customers that other companies it is difficult to rival companies.

d. Long-term existence of barriers such as granting a franchise by the government so that other companies can not enter the market.

e. The possibility of collusion (collusion) between firms in the market so as to form a monopoly and harm society.

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Masalah-Masalah Utama yang dihadapi Suatu Perekonomian

Bila berbicara tentang masalah perekonomian, maka yang dimaksud adalah masalah ekonomi makro. Beberapa masalah yang terpenting dalam Perekonomian suatu Negara adalah pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, inflasi dan ketidak seimbangan neraca perdagangan serta neraca pembayaran.

Berikut ini contoh-contoh Masalah utama yang dihadapi suatu perekonomian :

a. Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

Pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat diartikan sebagai perkembangan kegiatan perekonomian yang menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah barang dan jasa yang diproduksi masyarakat. Masalah pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan masalah ekonomi jangka panjang. Artinya, selama perekonomian suatu Negara masih ada, masalah ini akan terus ada.

b. Kemiskinan

Kesenjangan Ekonomi atau ketimpangan dalam distribusi pendapatan antara kelompok masyarakat berpendapatan tinggi dan kelompok masyarakat berpendapatan rendah serta tingkat kemiskinan atau jumlah orang yang berada di bawah garis kemiskinan (Poverty Line) merupakan dua masalah besar di banyak Negara-negara berkembang tidak terkecuali di Indonesia.

c. Ketidak stabilan Perkembangan Ekonomi

Perekonomian tidak selalu berkembang secara teratur dari satu peridoe k periode lainnya. Perekonomian slalu mengalami kondisi naik turun, adakalanya perekonomian berkembang dengan sangat pesat sehigga menimbulkan kenaikan harga.

d. Masalah Pengangguran

Faktor utama yang menyebabkan terjadinya pengangguran adalah kekurangan pengeluaran agregat. Perusahan memproduksi barang dan jasa dengan maksud memperoleh keuntungan yang bisa diperoleh jika barang dan jasa tersebut dijual dipasar. Bila permintaan semakin banyak, maka semakin banyak barang dan jasa yang diperoduksi perusahaan.

e. Masalah Inflasi

Inflasi adalah suatu proses kenaikan harga-harga yang berlaku dalam suatu perekonomian. Setiap Negara mengalami inflasi, namun dalam tingkat yang berbeda-beda.

f. Ketidak seimbangan Neraca Perdagangan dan Bayaran.

Negara-Negara di Dunia saat ini umumnya mengatur perekonomian terbuka. Artinya setiap Negara memiliki hubungan ekonomi dengan Negara lain, hubungan ekonomi ini terutama dilakukan dengan kegiatan ekspor-impor.

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Struktur pasar dan Persaingan dalam dunia perusahaan

Strukur Pasar adalah faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi tingkah laku dan kinerja perusahaan di dalam pasar, seperti jumlah perusahaan di pasar, skala produksi, jumlah pembeli, pengetahuan konsumen, kemampuan menurunkan harga dan lain-lain.

Berikut ini beberapa jenis pasar yang berlaku di dalam dunia perusahaan.

1. Pasar Persaingan Sempurna (Perfect Market Competition)

Pasar Persaingan Sempurna ini disebut juga dengan pasar Kompetitif atau Competitive Market.

Ciri pokok pasar persaingan sempurna bisa di ketahui secara berikut :

a. Penjual dan pembeli sangat banyak.

b. Produk Homogen (Serba Sama)

c. Pasar Bebas untuk dimasuki dan ditinggalkan.

d. Konsumen mengetahui kondisi pasar

e. Faktor-faktor Produksi Bergerak Bebas

f. Tidak ada campur tangan pemerintah.

2. Pasar Oligopoli

Oligopoli adalah Salah satu bentuk struktur pasar di mana hanya terdapat beberapa produsen atau sedikit perusahaan saja yang menjual produk-produk yang identik atau yang mirip satu sama lain.

3. Pasar Monopoli

Sesuai dengan namannya,Monopoli adalah struktur pasar dimana hanya terdapat satu penjual atau produsen yang melayani sedemikian banyak pembeli atau konsumen.

Untuk menerangkan struktur pasar monopoli perlu diketahui sebab atau sumber-sumber terjadinya monopoli tersebut. Sumber terjadinya monopoli adalah sebagai berikut :

a. Monopoli Sumber Daya

b. Monopoli Ciptaan Pemerintah

c. Monopoli Alamiah

4. Pasar Persaingan Monopolistik (Monopolistic Competition)

Pasar Persaingan Monopolistik adalah suatu struktur pasar dengan banyak produsen yang menjual produk yang kurang lebih sama, tetapi dengan berbagai macam variasi. Pasar persaingan monopolistic memiliki ciri sebagai berikut :

a. Terdapat banyak penjual

b. Terdapat Diferensiasi Produk

c. Terdapat Kebebasan untuk keluar-masuk pasar.

5. Pasar Monopsoni

Pasar Monopsoni adalah suatu bentuk pasar yang dikuasai oleh satu orang/badan/lembaga sebagai pembeli dengan peawaran dari sejumlah penjual/produsen sehingga pihak pembeli memiliki kemampuan untuk menetapkan harga. Contoh PT. Kereta Api Indonesia adalah satu-satunya perusahaan yang menguasai penetapan harga berbagai peralatan kereta api di Indonesia. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) menguasai penetapan harga tiang listrik.

6. Pasar Duopsoni

Duopsoni adalah suatu bentuk pasar yang dikuasai oleh dua orang/perusahaan sebagai pembeli dengan penawaran dari sejumlah penjual. Contoh infastruktur telekomunikasi SLI yang dihasilkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan di Indonesia hanya dibeli oleh dua perusahaan, yaitu PT. Telkomsel dan PT. Indosat.

7. Pasar Oligopsoni

Pasar Oligopsoni adalah suatu bentuk pasar yang dikuasai oleh beberapa orang perusahaan sebagai pembeli dengan penawaran dari sejumlah penjual. Contoh Telkom, Indosat, Mobile-8, Excelcomindo adalah beberapa perusahaan pembeli infastruktur telekomunikasi seluler.

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Istilah-istilah yang sering dipergunakan dalam bidang Ekonomi

• Cash Ratio : Bagian dari total aktiva bank komersil (Commercial Bank) yang ditahan dalam bentuk aktiva yang memiliki likuiditas tinggi untuk menghadapi penarikan uang oleh nasabah dan kewajiban keuangan lainnya.

• Cateris Paribus : Suatu istilah dalam bahasa latin yang berarti “apabila hal-hal lain sama” yang secara luas dipakai dalam analisis economi sebagai suatu teknik untuk menjelaskan.

• Crculair Flow Diagram : Suatu penjelasan sederhana mengenai aliran uang dan fisik atau aliran ril yang terjadi dalam perekonomian dan sebagai dasar analisis dalam ekonomi makro

• Derived Demand : Permintaan terhadap factor input tertentu atau produk tertentu yang tergantung pada permintaan terhadap sejumlah barang.

• Devaluasi : Kebijakan nilai tukar mata uang (Kurs) terhadap mata uang asing lainnya di dalam system nilai tukar tetap.

• Dissaving : Pengeluaran untuk konsumsi yang lebih besar dari pendapatan disposable, perbedaan ini dibayar dari tabungan sebelumnya.

• Dumping : Suatu barang dengan harga di bawah yang dikenakan di pasar dalam negeri.

• Economic of Scale : Penurunan jangka panjang dari biaya rata-rata yang terjadi akibat peningkatan output perusahaan (semua factor input tidak tetap).

• Efisiensi : Kriteria dalam penilaian seberapa baik pasa mengalokasikan sumber daya.

• Elastisitas Penawaran : Tingkat respon dari jumlah penawaran produk tertentu terhadap perubahan harga dari produk.

• Elastisitas Prmintaan : Suatu ukuran tingkat respons dari jumlah yang diminta dari suatu produk tertentu terhadap perubahan salah satu variable bebas yang mempengaruhi permintaan produk tersebut.

• Entrepreneurship : Tindakan setiap orang yang selalu mencari tantangan baru dengan mengutamakan suatu standar tertentu, yang didorong oleh hasrat untuk berprestasi dengan sumber daya ada pada diri sendiri dengan tujuan mencari keuntungan.

• Equilibrium : Suatu pernyataan dari keseimbangan dengan tidak ada tendnsi untuk berubah.

• Komoditas : Bahan mentah yang dapat digolongkan menurut mutu dan sesuai dengan standar perdagangan internasional, misalnya gandum, kopi, dan karet.

• Law of Diminishing Returns : Hukum dalam teori penawaran hasil marjinal yang semakin menurun dalam jangka pendek atau proporsi factor input variable yang menyatakan bahwa prtambahan factor input tidak tetap yang sama dalam fungsi produksi.

• Indeks Harga : Aliran menggunkan sample barang-barang dan jasa setiap priode dan mengukur harga rata-rata dari sekelompok barang dan jasa ini serta mmperlihatkan harga rata-rata ini dalam bentuk angka indeks tunggal.

• Input : Faktor produksi tenaga kerja, modal, dan lain sebagainya yang dikombinasikan untuk memproduksi output barang dan jasa.

• Investasi : Pengeluaran Modal untuk pembelian assets fisik seperti pabrik, mesin, dan peralatan (investasi tetap) dan persediaan (Stocks), yaitu investasi fisik atau riil.

• Laju inflasi : Persentase perubahan tingkat harga pada waktu tertentu dibandingkan dengan tingkat harga pada peridoe waktu sebelumnya.

• Likuiditas : Tingkat dimana suatu aktiva (asset) dapat diubah ke dalam mata uang (currency) atau uang kertas dan uang logam untuk digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran.

• Output : Barang-Barang dan jasa-jasa yang diproduksi dengan mnggunakan suatu kombinasi dari masukan-masukan factor input.

• Preferensi : Pilihan-pilihan (choices) yang dibuat oleh para konsumen atas produk-produk yang dikonsumsi.

• Product Differention : Suatu Elemen dari perilaku pasar yang berusaha membedakan produk mereka sendiri dengan produk-produk pesaing.

• Production Possibility Frontier : Batas kemungkinan produksi memprlihatkan jumlah maksimum barang-barang dan jasa-jasa yang dapat diproduksi oleh suatu perekonomian pada suatu waktu tertentu dengan sumber-sumber daya dan teknologi yang tersedia.

• Rekapitalisasi : Proses Penyuntikan modal baru kedalam suatu unit usaha (biasanya lembaga perbankan).

• Revaluasi : Suatu peningkatan yang ditetapkan terhadap nilai dari suatu mata uang (currency) dibandingkan dengan mata uang yang lain dibawah suatu system nilai tukar yang tetap (fixed exchange rate system).

• Scarcity : Persediaan dari sumber-sumber daya perekonomian (factor-faktor produksi) yang relative terbatas dibandingkan dengan permintaan masyarakat akan barang-barang dan jasa-jasa yang tidak terbatas.

• Suku Bunga : Suku bunga atau tariff yang dibenarkan oleh bank atas pinjaman uang.

• Surplus Konsumen : Kepuasan atau kegunaan tambahan yang diperoleh konsumen dari pembayaran harga suatu barang yang lebih rendah dari harga yang konsumen bersedia membayarnya.

• Time Lag : Perbedaan waktu yang terdapat antara posisi dasar dari indicator periode mendatang (leading indicator) dan indicator periode yang lalu (logging indicator) serta siklus perekonomian (business cycle) keseluruhan.

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Transaksi-transaksi yang terjadi dalam perusahan dagang

Transaksi-transaksi yang terjadi pada perusahaan dagang diantaranya dapat anda ketahui sebagai berikut :

1. Pembelian Barang dagangan (Purchases)

Pembelian barang dagangan dapat dilakukan secara tunai dan scara kredit. Pembelian barang dagangan dicatat dalam akun pembelian sejumlah harga pembelian. Jika pembelian barang dagangan secara tunai, dicatat dalam akun pembelian sebelah debet dan akun utang sebelah kredit. Tetapi apabila perusahaan membeli peralatan kantor maka yang didebet adalah akun peralatan kantor bukan akun pembelian.

2. Pengembalian Barang dagangan yang dibeli retur pembelian dan pengurangan harga ( Purchases return and allowances)

Barang dagangan yang dibeli adakalanya tidak sesuai dengan pesanan atau dalam keadaan cacat atau rusak shingga terpaksa harus dikembalikan. Pembelian barang dagangan ini mengurangi jumlah utang jika pembelian dilakukan secara kredit. Dalam keadaan tertentu mungkin saja pengurangan utang tidak diimbangi dengan pengembalian barang karena pertimbangan biaya pengembalian lebih besar dari harga barang atau factor lain.

Jika pengembalian barang atau permintaan pengurangan harga terjadi, pembeli harus membuat bukti pencatatan berupa nota debet atau debet memo kepada penjual. Pencatatan nota debet oleh pembeli akan dicatat pada akun utang dagang sebelah debet, sedangkan retur pembelian dan pengurangan harga sebelah kredit.

3. Pembayaran biaya angkutan barang yang dibeli (Freight in)

Potongan pembelian ini diperoleh jika pembeli memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan potongan. Oleh karena itu, waktu pelunasan piutang perlu diperhatikan, apakah pembeli mendapat potongan atau tidak. Potongan pembelian yang didapatkan dicatat oleh pembeli dalam akun utang dagang di debet dan akun potongan pembelian di kredit pada waktu pelunasan.

4. Potongan pembelian (Purchases Discount)

Beban angkut yang langsung dibayar pembeli akan dicatat pada akun biaya sebelah debet dan akun kas sebelah kredit. Beban angkut yang menjadi tanggung jawab pembeli tetapi dalam prakteknya dilakukan penjualan dan dimasukkan pada faktur pembelian, akan menambah jumlah utang dan dicatat pada akun beban angkut pembelian sebelah debet dan akun utang dagang sebelah kredit.

5. Penjualan Barang Dagangan (Sales)

Penjualan barang dagangan dapat dilakukan secara tunai atau secara kredit.

Jumlah uang yang dicatat sebesar harga yang disepakati antara pembeli dan penjual.

Penjual secara tunai biasanya dilakukan oleh pedagang eceran (retailer) seperti departemen store, took-toko eceran, dan took-toko kecil lainnya. Penjualan secara kredit dicatat dalam akun piutang dagang sebelah debet dan akun penjualan sebelah kredit.

6. Penerimaan kembali barang dagangan yang dijual retur pembelian dan pengurangan harga (Sales return and allowances)

Apabila barang yang telah dijual diterima kembali akibat rusak di perjalanan atau hal-hal lain dan penjual menyetujui pengembalian barang tersebut, maka penjual akan mengeluarkan kredit memo atau nota kredit yang ditujukan kepada pembeli atas penerimaan kembali barang yang telah dijual tersebut.

Berdasarkan nota kredit ini, penjual akan mencatat dalam akun retur penjualan dan pengurangan harga debet dan akun piutang dagang di kredit.

7. Pembayaran beban angkut barang yang dijual (Freight out)

Beban Angkut penjualan ini oleh penjual dicatat dalam akun beban angkut penjualan di debet dan akun utang dagang di kredit. Jika penjualan secara tunai, penjualan akan mencatat akun beban angkut penjualan disebelah debat dan akun kas disebelah kredit.

8. Potongan Penjualan (Sales Discount)

Potongan penjualan adalah potongan tunai yang diberikan oleh penjual kepada pembeli karena pembeli memenuhi syarat-syarat yang telah disepakati atau pembeli melunasi utangnya pada jangka waktu panjang. Besarnya potongan tunai sesuai dengan kesepakatan pembeli dan penjual yang ditetapkan dalam syarat pembayaran.

Potongan penjualan, retur penjualan dan potongan harga merupakan akun kontra dari akun pendapatan penjualan, yang akan mengurangi jumlah pendapatan yang diperoleh oleh perusahaan.

Penjual akan mencatat jumlah potongan yang diberikan kepada pembeli dalam akun potongan penjualan di debet dan akun piutang dagang di kredit.

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