The division of Economics and differences with Macroeconomics Microeconomics

According Alferd W. Stoner and Douglas C. Hague economics can be divided into three sections as follows:

A. Descriptiv Economics (Descriptive Economics)
Economics is to collect all the important facts about the subject (topic) which are listed, such as agricultural system in Bali, or the cotton industry in India.

B. Economic Theory (Theory or Theory of Economic sciences Economics)
Economics provides a simplified explanation of how an economic system works and is an important characteristic of the system. Economics of science theory is divided into micro and macro economics.

C. Applied Economics (Applied Economics)
Economics is trying to use the basic framework of the general and economic analysis provided by the theory to explain the causes and significance of events reported by the economists descriptive.

Micro and Macro Economics

Economics is divided into two broad subfields, namely micro-economics (microeconomics) and macroeconomics (macro economics). Micro-economics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. Microeconomics to discuss for example how a household allocates its income to buy goods and services in order to meet the needs. Economics experts discuss the effect of micro usually caused by a policy of the company or individual households. For example, the effects of the policy of compulsory education on labor income.

Macro economics is the study of the phenomenon or the phenomenon of the economy at large. Macroeconomics to discuss the overall economy. Discusses the macroeconomic production as a whole, is no longer a company such as micro-economics. In discussing the overall economy, focusing on macroeconomics and economic policy variables that influence it. For example, discusses the macroeconomic level of national unemployment, national income levels, and the national inflation rate.

Differences in Macroeconomic Microeconomics

Of understanding and examples given above we can conclude the difference between micro economics macro economics.
The differences are as follows.

A. Microeconomic discuss how households and firms make decisions, while talking about not only the macro-economic households and firms, but the economy as a whole.
B. Microeconomics is a part of various macroeconomic variables like consumption, savings, and income. This means that if the microeconomic discuss a particular company earnings, macroeconomic even discuss the company's national income in the economy.
C. Microeconomics deals with the flow of goods and services from companies or manufacturers to households or consumers, the flow of factors of production from households to firms and pricing of goods and services, both as a production factor as well as consumer goods.

If further review, the real focus of microeconomics is the corporate sector, namely how the company makes a profit in producing goods and services. Profit is one of the objectives of the company. Business makes a profit in the company's need to know in advance what items will be produced, in what amounts and sold at what price.

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Understanding Consumption in everyday life in Economic activity

Consumption

In everyday life, a term commonly associated with the consumption of food and beverages are required to perform certain activities. For example to hold a wedding, trip, or other activity bias section was set up in charge of taking care of household consumption of food and beverages.

In economics, the notion of consumption is not just limited to the issue of eating and drinking, but on all the necessities of life in the community, both physical and spiritual needs.

A. Understanding Consumption

Consumption is the use of goods and services directed to make ends meet. As we know, the necessities of life in the community is very diverse needs such as food, drink, clothing, housing, health, education, and entertainment. To meet the various needs of the necessary goods and services.

B. Characteristic of Consumer Goods

To understand the meaning of Customer goods we can follow some of the following descriptions.

• Consumed goods are goods produced by the human use of land, air and sunlight, and other gifts of nature are not included in the definition of consumption.
• Goods consumed directly aimed at meeting the needs of weeks to live. The use of hoes, saws, machinery, office buildings and other capital goods is essentially aimed at producing goods and services that can not be put in terms of consumption.
• Goods will be exhausted or consumed gradually shrinks and eventually unusable.

From the above definition of consumer goods, the goods can be directly used to meet the needs of life are called consumer goods. Such items can be divided into two kinds.

• Items that can be used just once, such as food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals
• Items that can be used multiple times, such as clothing, home furnishings, and vehicles. Such goods are gradually shrinking or diminishing their role and eventually unusable.

C. Purpose of consumption activities

The objective is to meet consumption needs in person. That means, that the use of the goods outside of that purpose can not be included as consumption activities. For example, a vehicle can be used directly to make ends meet owners or leased to another person.

When used by the owner, kenderaanitu is Customer goods. However, if the leased vehicle is not a Customer item.

Cases like the above vehicles may occur in the home, furniture, party equipment, or other items are rented and the results used to make ends meet.

In such case, the goods are the means of production or capital goods.

D. Consumer behavior in consumption.

Behavior is essentially goal-oriented. In other words, the behavior is generally motivated by an activity to achieve any particular goal. Motivation of the people on the forces trgantung their motives. Basically, the motives or needs are the reasons that underlie behavior.

Needs or desires of each person very much. If the count will not inexhaustible. Therefore, the individual life is always faced with a range of alternative options and should exercise the option in connection with the limited resources available.

The concept of choice is a fundamental consumer behavior. Basic concepts of consumer behavior in general states that consumers are always trying to achieve the maximum satisfaction from the use of objects. Satisfaction or utility is the degree of how much of a good or service can satisfy the needs of a person or a measure of satisfaction received from users of goods or services.

Because it deals with a measure of satisfaction from the use of goods and services, utilities often referred to as use value. Every consumer has the satisfaction level of different, but each person will strive to achieve maximum satisfaction with income and limited by the price of goods.

Theory of consumer behavior using two approaches, namely the approach or approaches to the cardinal and the indifference curve approach or ordinal approach.

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Economy According to the central issue of Classical and stream flow of modern

"According to the central issue of Economic Classics Flow"

Of limited resources and unlimited desires comes the Fundamental Economic problems.

Principal Economic problem has always existed and still exists today. Here we will discuss the basic economic problem that has arisen since humans live in groups or community based on a review of "Classical Economists" and "Modern Economists".

Classical Economics is represented by "Adam Smith". According to Adam smith wealth lies not in gold, but on welfare goods mnunjukkan a state of balance between the needs of the object with the object of satisfying the needs of satisfying the needs. Process to achieve the prosperity of a society is not easy. This is the main economic problems in society.

According to the theory of Classical Economics, Public Economics subject matter can be classified to three important issues, namely:

• Production Problem - To achieve prosperity, consumer goods should be available in the community. Because the community is very heterogeneous, then the items available are various kinds so that it appears the problem for manufacturers, which is what items should be produced. The emergence of the above questions is because heterogeneous society. Thus, certainly cause problems for producers and raises concerns when producing a particular item, but not consumed by the public. 
• Distribution Problems - In order for the goods / services that have been produced can be up to the right people, facilities and infrastructure needed a good distribution. Example, from garden crops to a conveyance which supported a good road infrastructure to harvest quickly to the hands of consumers and does not accumulate on the manufacturer. 
• Consumption Problem - The production has didstribusikan to society can ideally be used or consumed by the right people and used to meet the exact needs are. Problems that arise if the item will be taken exactly by the people who really need it or be in vain because it is not affordable by the community sehigga consumption process is not running as an economic subject.

"According to the Flow of Basic Economic Problems of Modern"

Modern Economists agree that the resources available, there are at least three main problems facing any economy and should be solved by the people as economic subjects.

• Product and what services will be produced and how much? (What and how much) - Given the limited resources available production and its use is alternative, then the community should determine the type and quantity of goods and services to be produced. Communities can choose one or several types of goods and services to be produced with a certain ratio. Choices made by people who viewed the most favorable course and provide the greatest benefit for the community to meet the needs. 
• Which way as to produce? (How?) - This question is related to the applied production techniques and the ability to combine the factors of production or resource that is in the process of production. With limited economic resources available the producers must be able to create an efficient production techniques. To that end, advances in science and technology production should be increased 
• For Whom the Goods and Services Produced? (For whom?) - This question is a matter for whom or which the society is to enjoy the goods and services produced. Does every citizen have the same or different?

Are the goods / services only for the rich only? Is the national income has been distributed fairly? Should the salaries of the manager ten times the salary of workers? Is cheap car project to be implemented for low-income people can consume it?

All questions regarding to whom the goods / Services Produced.

The third issue on the what, how and for whom are fundamental and are inter-linked with each other and are always faced by every country, both developing countries and countries that have been developed. However, not all the economy can solve the third problem the same way.

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Adam Smiths History as a Figure whose role in Economic Development

Adam Smit son of a civil servant, born in Kirkcaldy, near Edinburgh. Adam Smit is the father of classical flow. In his famous book "The Wealth of Nation's (1776, coinciding with the founding of the United States) Smit explained what had always been the principal economic problem, namely how to increase the wealth / prosperity of a country and how wealth is distributed.

According to Smit, the only source of wealth of a country is the production. That is, the more production will be more rich / prosperous a country. Production is more and more can be created through labor specialization can increase production. A concept that transcends time.

"Source: World Economic Fifty-thinker"

The Basic Economic Problems can be divided into:

1. Basic Economic Problems In Classical Flow - According to the theory of classical economics, public economics subject matter can be classified to three important issues, namely:
   • Production problems
   • Distribution problems
   • onsumption problem

      2. According to the Basic Economic Problems of Modern Flow.
         Modern economists agree that the resources available, there are at least three main problems
         facing any economy and should be solved by the people as economic subjects.

• Goods and services what to produce and how much? (what and how much?)
• Which way as to produce? (How?)
• For Whom the Goods and Services Produced? (for whom?)

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Market or Capitalist Economic System

In a "Market Economy System", the main Economic issues submitted to "Individu Mechanism" and Companies make decisions about Production and Consumption. Price system, market system, the system gains and losses, as well as incentives and rewards perinsip, is key to answer the what, how, and for whom goods and services are distributed.

What commodity issues and how much should be produced, delivered to the market. The Company always produces a variety of products needed by society and profitable as possible for the company. For example, people need warm clothing and wet season, the company will produce it. How many sweaters to be in production and how the quality depends on the ability of the public or consumer purchasing power. Problem will be solved through Market Mechanisms.

The issue of how to produce, the company will choose the most efficient ways of production and efficient. The most efficient way of production or efficient production methods that are low cost. For example, 1,000 pieces of warm clothing in a week can be generated by two ways. The first way, using the 10 workers and 5 sewing machines. The second way, with labor 7 and 7 sewing machine. If the first way is more expensive, companies need to select it as the most efficient way of production. However, the system of capitalism or the market as a pure system no longer exists.

In the Capitalist Economic System or Government Market has three main functions, namely:

• Governments Increase Efficiency by creating competition and externalities such as pollution control and provide public goods.
• Pemetinyah Promote Justice by using taxes and programs to redistribute income pengeluaranya to special groups.
• Government assist the Development of Macro-Economic Stability and Growth, reduce unemployment, and inflation by encouraging economic growth through physical and monetary policy.

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Trade Transactions with the Companys Return And Allowances Purchases

"Merchandise Purchased" sometimes not with the order or in a state of defective or damaged and had to be returned. Return of this Merchandise to reduce the amount of the debt if the Purchase is made on credit. In certain circumstances may a debt reduction is not offset by the return of goods for consideration of the cost of return greater than the price of goods or other factors. If the returns or price request occurs, the buyer must make proof pncatatan a debit note or debit memo to the seller.

Registration of a memorandum of debate by the buyer will be recorded in the accounts payable side debate, whereas purchase returns and credits next to a price reduction. Date Posted memorandum debate 9maret No. 2012. Welfare took 105 to the return of damaged goods due for Rp. 25000.00.

These terms are often used in Economics

• Cash Ratio: The total assets of Commercial Banks (Commercial Banks) are retained in the form of assets that have high liquidity to meet withdrawals by customers and other financial obligations.
• Cateris Paribus: A term in Latin meaning "if other things equal" is widely used in the analysis as a technique for economi explain.
• Crculair Flow Diagram: A simple explanation of the physical or cash flow and real flow happening in the economy and to analyze the macroeconomic
• Derived Demand: Demand for a particular input factor or a particular Product depends on the demand for some goods.
• Devaluation: exchange rate policy (rate) against other currencies in the system of fixed exchange rates.
• Dissaving: Expenditures for greater consumption of disposable income, the difference is paid from previous savings.
• Dumping: An item with a price below that charged in the domestic market.
• Economic of Scale: long-term decline of the average cost that occurs due to an increase in firm output (all input factors are not fixed).
• Efficiency: The criteria in the assessment of how well pasa allocate resources.
• Elasticity of Supply: The response rate from the amount of certain product offerings to changes in the price of the product.
• Elasticity: A measure of the level of response from the quantity demanded of a particular product to changes in one free variable that affects demand for such products.
• Entrepreneurship: The act of any person who is always looking for new challenges with emphasis on a certain standard, which is driven by the desire to achieve with existing resources in yourself in order for profit.
• Equilibrium: A statement of the balance with no tendnsi to change.
• Commodities: Raw materials that can be classified according to quality standards and comply with international trade, such as wheat, coffee, and rubber.
• Law of Diminishing Returns: The law in the theory of supply of diminishing marginal in the short term or variable input factor proportions stating that prtambahan factor does not remain the same input in the production function.
• Index: use the sample flow of goods and services each period and measures the average price of a basket of goods and services as well as mmperlihatkan average price is in the form of a single index number.
• Input: the production factors labor, capital, etc. are combined to produce output of goods and services.
• Investment: Capital Expenditures for the purchase of physical assets such as factories, machinery, and equipment (fixed investment) and supply (Stocks), the physical or real investments.
• Inflation rate: Percentage change in price level at any given time compared to the price level at an earlier time peridoe.
• Liquidity: The degree to which an asset (asset) can be converted into the currency (the currency), or banknotes and coins to be used as a means of payment.
• Output: Goods and services produced by mnggunakan a combination of factor inputs input.
• Preferences: Choices (choices) made by the consumer for the products consumed.
• Product Differention: An element of market behavior is trying to differentiate their products with competitors' products.
• Production Possibility Frontier: The Production Possibilities Frontier memprlihatkan maximum amount of goods and services that can be produced by an economy at any given time with the resources and technology available.
• Recapitalization: The injection of new capital into a business unit (usually a banking institution).
• Revaluation: An increase in the set to the value of a currency (the currency) compared with other currencies under a fixed exchange rate system (fixed exchange rate system).
• Scarcity: Inventory of economic resources (factors of production) is relatively limited compared to the demand for goods and services are not limited.
• Interest Rate: The interest rate or tariff is justified by the bank on the loan money.
• Consumer Surplus: Satisfaction or additional utility derived from the consumer price of a good payment lower than the price consumers are willing to pay.
• Time Lag: The time difference between the present position of the indicator base future periods (Leading Indicators) and indicators of past periods (Logging Indicator) as well as the Economic Cycle (Business Cycle) overall.

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Understanding the Market Oligopoly with description and market characteristics.

Oligopoly is a form of market structure where there are only a few or a few manufacturers who sell products that are identical or similar to each other.

The main feature of oligopoly markets there are only a few companies in the market, such as the world oil market is filled by the middle eastern countries only, cellular telephone services market in Indonesia is only filled by Telkomsel, Indosat, Pro-XL, Axis, and Esia.

Due to the small players in this market, the most striking properties that arises is the strong attraction between the desire and interests of unilateral cooperation among the existing companies on the market. For example, Vodacom intends to work with Indosat in tariff setting in the daytime so that the price received by both parties could be higher than the price set by each company so that it could be higher profit-making. This desire may not appeal to Indosat Indosat feel better because it sets its own rates just because it can be more flexible in menetapkanya individually.

Another characteristic is the presence of price rigidity. Price rigidity occurs when a competitor lowers the price of its products. For example PT.Telkomsel lower the cost of SMS, from Rp.350 to Rp.150. This action will be followed by Indosat with helped reduce the cost of SMS. This is because indosat worry if it does not lower the cost of the same customers will move to Telkomsel. However, if the PT. Telkomsel raise the cost of Rp 350 to Rp 500 SMS Indosat will also raise the cost is not the same as hoping to get new customers who move from Telkomsel. So the price in the oligopoly market is tough to ride, but not tough to get off.

The next cirri is a cartel. In oligopoly markets it is possible to perform the cartel, which is two or more similar firms merge into one to form a monopoly. This will be explained further in the case of duopoly.

Oligopoli Market last characteristic is the existence of price leadership. Usually this happens if there is one big company to act as a leader and a follower of other small companies only.

Goodness Market Oligopoly

Goodness Oligopoly markets are as follows:

a. Efficiency. Sometimes it takes only a few companies on the market just so that other companies will only mempersengit persainan thus raising production costs. For example, in market there are only a boeing aircraft and water buses.

b. Because it is involved in the market only a few companies, if they brsaing would be more beneficial to consumers in terms of price and quality of the product because if one of these companies to raise prices, moved keperusahaan competitors direct their customers.

As for the ugliness of the Market Oligopoly is as follows:

a. It takes a great investment and capital to enter the market because of economies of scale that has been created by companies that are in the market so it is very difficult to enter the market.

b. In the market there may be a company that holds patents on a product that is not possible for other companies to manufacture the same product.

c. Some companies in the market may already have a loyal customer or customers that other companies it is difficult to rival companies.

d. Long-term existence of barriers such as granting a franchise by the government so that other companies can not enter the market.

e. The possibility of collusion (collusion) between firms in the market so as to form a monopoly and harm society.

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Key Issues facing the us economy

When talking about "Economic Issues", then the question is a Macroeconomic problem. Some of the most important problems in the economy of a country is economic growth, unemployment, inflation and balance of trade imbalances and balance of payments.

Here are Examples of the major problems facing the economy:

• Economic Growth - Economic growth can be interpreted as the development of economic activities that cause increasing amounts of goods and services produced by society. Problems of economic growth is a long-term economic problems. That is, as long as the economy of a country still exists, this problem will continue to exist.
• Poverty - Economic disparity or inequality in income distribution between high-income groups and low-income groups and the level of poverty or the number of people who are below the poverty line (Poverty Line) are the two major problems in many developing countries are no exception in Indonesia.
• Economic Instability - The Economy does not always evolve regularly from single period k peridoe other. Slalu economy experiencing conditions up and down, sometimes very rapidly growing economy sehigga cause price increases.
• Unemployment Problem - The main factor that causes unemployment is the lack of aggregate expenditure. Companies producing goods and services with a view to obtaining benefits to be gained if these goods and services sold in the market. When demand increased, the more goods and services diperoduksi company.
• Inflation Problem - Inflation is a process of rising prices prevailing in the economy. Each country has inflation, but in different levels.
• Balance of Trade Imbalance and Remuneration. - Countries in the world at large has set up an open economy. This means that every country has economic relations with other countries, the economic relationship is primarily done with import-export activities.

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Masalah-Masalah Utama yang dihadapi Suatu Perekonomian

Bila berbicara tentang masalah perekonomian, maka yang dimaksud adalah masalah ekonomi makro. Beberapa masalah yang terpenting dalam Perekonomian suatu Negara adalah pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, inflasi dan ketidak seimbangan neraca perdagangan serta neraca pembayaran.

Berikut ini contoh-contoh Masalah utama yang dihadapi suatu perekonomian :

a. Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

Pertumbuhan ekonomi dapat diartikan sebagai perkembangan kegiatan perekonomian yang menyebabkan bertambahnya jumlah barang dan jasa yang diproduksi masyarakat. Masalah pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan masalah ekonomi jangka panjang. Artinya, selama perekonomian suatu Negara masih ada, masalah ini akan terus ada.

b. Kemiskinan

Kesenjangan Ekonomi atau ketimpangan dalam distribusi pendapatan antara kelompok masyarakat berpendapatan tinggi dan kelompok masyarakat berpendapatan rendah serta tingkat kemiskinan atau jumlah orang yang berada di bawah garis kemiskinan (Poverty Line) merupakan dua masalah besar di banyak Negara-negara berkembang tidak terkecuali di Indonesia.

c. Ketidak stabilan Perkembangan Ekonomi

Perekonomian tidak selalu berkembang secara teratur dari satu peridoe k periode lainnya. Perekonomian slalu mengalami kondisi naik turun, adakalanya perekonomian berkembang dengan sangat pesat sehigga menimbulkan kenaikan harga.

d. Masalah Pengangguran

Faktor utama yang menyebabkan terjadinya pengangguran adalah kekurangan pengeluaran agregat. Perusahan memproduksi barang dan jasa dengan maksud memperoleh keuntungan yang bisa diperoleh jika barang dan jasa tersebut dijual dipasar. Bila permintaan semakin banyak, maka semakin banyak barang dan jasa yang diperoduksi perusahaan.

e. Masalah Inflasi

Inflasi adalah suatu proses kenaikan harga-harga yang berlaku dalam suatu perekonomian. Setiap Negara mengalami inflasi, namun dalam tingkat yang berbeda-beda.

f. Ketidak seimbangan Neraca Perdagangan dan Bayaran.

Negara-Negara di Dunia saat ini umumnya mengatur perekonomian terbuka. Artinya setiap Negara memiliki hubungan ekonomi dengan Negara lain, hubungan ekonomi ini terutama dilakukan dengan kegiatan ekspor-impor.

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Istilah-istilah yang sering dipergunakan dalam bidang Ekonomi

• Cash Ratio : Bagian dari total aktiva bank komersil (Commercial Bank) yang ditahan dalam bentuk aktiva yang memiliki likuiditas tinggi untuk menghadapi penarikan uang oleh nasabah dan kewajiban keuangan lainnya.

• Cateris Paribus : Suatu istilah dalam bahasa latin yang berarti “apabila hal-hal lain sama” yang secara luas dipakai dalam analisis economi sebagai suatu teknik untuk menjelaskan.

• Crculair Flow Diagram : Suatu penjelasan sederhana mengenai aliran uang dan fisik atau aliran ril yang terjadi dalam perekonomian dan sebagai dasar analisis dalam ekonomi makro

• Derived Demand : Permintaan terhadap factor input tertentu atau produk tertentu yang tergantung pada permintaan terhadap sejumlah barang.

• Devaluasi : Kebijakan nilai tukar mata uang (Kurs) terhadap mata uang asing lainnya di dalam system nilai tukar tetap.

• Dissaving : Pengeluaran untuk konsumsi yang lebih besar dari pendapatan disposable, perbedaan ini dibayar dari tabungan sebelumnya.

• Dumping : Suatu barang dengan harga di bawah yang dikenakan di pasar dalam negeri.

• Economic of Scale : Penurunan jangka panjang dari biaya rata-rata yang terjadi akibat peningkatan output perusahaan (semua factor input tidak tetap).

• Efisiensi : Kriteria dalam penilaian seberapa baik pasa mengalokasikan sumber daya.

• Elastisitas Penawaran : Tingkat respon dari jumlah penawaran produk tertentu terhadap perubahan harga dari produk.

• Elastisitas Prmintaan : Suatu ukuran tingkat respons dari jumlah yang diminta dari suatu produk tertentu terhadap perubahan salah satu variable bebas yang mempengaruhi permintaan produk tersebut.

• Entrepreneurship : Tindakan setiap orang yang selalu mencari tantangan baru dengan mengutamakan suatu standar tertentu, yang didorong oleh hasrat untuk berprestasi dengan sumber daya ada pada diri sendiri dengan tujuan mencari keuntungan.

• Equilibrium : Suatu pernyataan dari keseimbangan dengan tidak ada tendnsi untuk berubah.

• Komoditas : Bahan mentah yang dapat digolongkan menurut mutu dan sesuai dengan standar perdagangan internasional, misalnya gandum, kopi, dan karet.

• Law of Diminishing Returns : Hukum dalam teori penawaran hasil marjinal yang semakin menurun dalam jangka pendek atau proporsi factor input variable yang menyatakan bahwa prtambahan factor input tidak tetap yang sama dalam fungsi produksi.

• Indeks Harga : Aliran menggunkan sample barang-barang dan jasa setiap priode dan mengukur harga rata-rata dari sekelompok barang dan jasa ini serta mmperlihatkan harga rata-rata ini dalam bentuk angka indeks tunggal.

• Input : Faktor produksi tenaga kerja, modal, dan lain sebagainya yang dikombinasikan untuk memproduksi output barang dan jasa.

• Investasi : Pengeluaran Modal untuk pembelian assets fisik seperti pabrik, mesin, dan peralatan (investasi tetap) dan persediaan (Stocks), yaitu investasi fisik atau riil.

• Laju inflasi : Persentase perubahan tingkat harga pada waktu tertentu dibandingkan dengan tingkat harga pada peridoe waktu sebelumnya.

• Likuiditas : Tingkat dimana suatu aktiva (asset) dapat diubah ke dalam mata uang (currency) atau uang kertas dan uang logam untuk digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran.

• Output : Barang-Barang dan jasa-jasa yang diproduksi dengan mnggunakan suatu kombinasi dari masukan-masukan factor input.

• Preferensi : Pilihan-pilihan (choices) yang dibuat oleh para konsumen atas produk-produk yang dikonsumsi.

• Product Differention : Suatu Elemen dari perilaku pasar yang berusaha membedakan produk mereka sendiri dengan produk-produk pesaing.

• Production Possibility Frontier : Batas kemungkinan produksi memprlihatkan jumlah maksimum barang-barang dan jasa-jasa yang dapat diproduksi oleh suatu perekonomian pada suatu waktu tertentu dengan sumber-sumber daya dan teknologi yang tersedia.

• Rekapitalisasi : Proses Penyuntikan modal baru kedalam suatu unit usaha (biasanya lembaga perbankan).

• Revaluasi : Suatu peningkatan yang ditetapkan terhadap nilai dari suatu mata uang (currency) dibandingkan dengan mata uang yang lain dibawah suatu system nilai tukar yang tetap (fixed exchange rate system).

• Scarcity : Persediaan dari sumber-sumber daya perekonomian (factor-faktor produksi) yang relative terbatas dibandingkan dengan permintaan masyarakat akan barang-barang dan jasa-jasa yang tidak terbatas.

• Suku Bunga : Suku bunga atau tariff yang dibenarkan oleh bank atas pinjaman uang.

• Surplus Konsumen : Kepuasan atau kegunaan tambahan yang diperoleh konsumen dari pembayaran harga suatu barang yang lebih rendah dari harga yang konsumen bersedia membayarnya.

• Time Lag : Perbedaan waktu yang terdapat antara posisi dasar dari indicator periode mendatang (leading indicator) dan indicator periode yang lalu (logging indicator) serta siklus perekonomian (business cycle) keseluruhan.

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Pendapatan Perkapita Indonesia Bakal Tembus US $ 5000

Sering sekali kita dengar baik itu berita dari siaran Televisi, Radio maupun media cetak lainnya tentang kondisi Perekonomian di Indonesia.

Baik itu yang di soroti secara negative maupun positif. Tetapi lebih sering kita dengar dan kita lihat yang disoroti oleh media adalah hal-hal yang bersifat negative sehingga hal-hal positif seakan-akan tidak pernah ada di Indonesia ini. Didalam dunia politik sering juga kita mendengar dan melihat bahwa sanya hal-hal yang bersifat positif ini sangat sedikit di perbincangkan, apakah yang dapat diperbincangkan itu hanya yang bersifat negative atau istilah lain selalu yang kurang baik. Tapi benar untuk kita ketahui bahwa hal yang kurang ini akan selalu menjadi pembahasan terpenting agar bagaimana hal negative tersebut menjadi positif.

Jika Kita dapat berbicara tentang hal yang positif yang sudah dicapai oleh Negara kita ini, bahkan dalam taraf global, ini akan membuat kita dan generasi-generasi Indonesia akan semakin antusias dalam menghadapi perekonomian sekarang ini.

Sebagai Contoh dalam hal Ekonomi.

Pada tahun 2011 indonesia mengalami kemajuan yang sangat pesat :

1. Indonesia Berhasil menembus pendapatan per-kapital USD 3,500

2. Indonesia berhasil mencapai investment grade, bahkan Indonesia satu-satunya Negara asia tenggara 

    yang masuk dalam jajaran kelompok Negara G20. ini merupakan suatu kebanggan.

3. Bahkan dengan GDP sebesar USD 834 Miliar, Indonesia kini duduk di posisi 17 ekonomi terbesar 

    didunia diatas, Turki, Swiss, Swedia, Arab Saudi, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapura, dan Malasiya. Bukankah 

    ini sangat membanggakan.

Pada tahun 2012, Ekonomi Indonesia diperkirakan akan mengalahkan belanda yang notabene telah menjajah Negara Indonesia selama 350 tahun. Ini merupakan satu prestasi yang sangat membanggakan bagi kita.

Jika kondisi politik dan ekonomi relatif stabil, maka pada akhir 2013 yang akan dating Indonesia di-prediksikan mencapai pendapatan perkapital USD 5.000. inilah satu bukti pertama kalinya Indonesia akan menembus 100 Negara dengan pendapatan perkapital terbesar di dunia.

Menurut data dari Asian Development Bank (ADB), antara tahun 2002-2008 ada sekitar 102 juta jiwa kelas menengah baru di Indonesia. Tingkat kemakmuran dan daya beli rakyat Indonesia akan makin meningkat pesat. Daya tarik pasar kelas menengah Indonesia yang cukup melesat pada akhir-akhir ini. Terbukti semakin menggiurkan bagi para pemain kelas dunia untuk berlomba-lomba menjaring rupiah di Indonesia.

Buktinya, Launching produk-produk baru smartphone beberapa merek ternama pun kini diadakan di Indonesia. Dengan kata lain, pasaran domestic Indonesia semakin menarik dan menjadi incaran dunia international.

Maka dari itu, akankah itu berarti kita Cuman sekedar jadi Negara konsumen yang konsumtif ?

mungkin akan menyedihkan jika pertumbuhan kelas menengah sekedar menjadikan Indonesia sebagai pasar dan masyarakatnya hanya jadi pembeli dan tukang belanja..!?

Apakah kita sebagai warga Negara Indonesia yang memiliki warisan dari nenek moyang kita yaitu tanah air indonesia yang tercinta ini dijadikan ladang oleh Negara lain sedangkan kita hanya jadi penonton dari produk asing…!? Kita hanya pintar membeli produk tetapi tidak pintar untuk menciptakan produk…!!

Lalu bagaimana solusinya bagi Masyarakat Indonesia..?

Semestinya pertumbuhan kelas menengah yang pesat di Negara ini bukan hanya melahirkan generasi konsumtif dan pasar yang siap belanja, tapi juga menumbuhkan generasi kelas menengah baru :

Entrepreneur Kelas Menengah Indonesia.

Mereka inilah para Entrepreneur 5000 yang dating dari kalangan kelas menengah dan siap menghadapi era kebangkitan daya beli nasional pada pendapatan perkapital USD 5.000, karena mereka yang paham benar, bagaimana karakteristik pasar kelas menengah yang lagi berkembang pesat saat ini.

Lahirnya Entrepreneur 5000, ini menjadi satu alternative jawaban masa depan agar kebangkitan kelas menengah dan daya beli bangsa justru bias memperkuat posisi tawar kita sebagai tuan rumah di Negara sendiri.

Lalu, Entrepreneur 5000 ini sekaligus menjadi sebuah tantangan, Apakah UMKM kita siap naik kelas untuk bersaing secara global..?

Saat Indonesia mencapai pendapatan perkapital menembus USD 5.000, Apakah anda ingin menjadi entrepreneur / Investor atau akan menjadi sekedar Target / Pasar / Konsumen…?

ibecindonesia.com

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Startups Financing solutions for life sciences

The current Economic climate is not easy for all kinds of start-up company, but the startup life sciences has grown well beyond even the start-up phase. But not yet reached profitability, which have a harder time to secure venture capital funding from the other high-tech.

The limited partners have invested capital in less capital available for spreading and faster return on investments compared with previous years. Science startups need funding the most. And has a long-term liquidity.

In addition, the food and Drug Administration (FDA) is under pressure to make changes to the regulatory pathway of several types of products that will further prolong and complicate the regulatory process.

As a result, Startup Life Sciences found themselves stuck in a state that requires a lot of capital to the more time wasted in dealing with current trends, so that the life sciences startup funded, they are having an easier path and regulations that are faster or find a way to establish value without going through the full oversight.

The Partners have terbataas capital fund to invest in VC

Like most investors, pension plans, college endowments, corporations, individuals who are very wealthy, and other investors with a typical venture capital funding hit by stock market jatunya in 2008 and influenced by volatile financial markets are prevalent since then. Wealth they have significantly disrupted partially the result, so has the ability and willingness to erpartisipasi unvestasi such high-risk and capital veteran.

A release issued by the National Venture Capital Association (AMPN) and Thomson Reuters on October 10, 2011, reported that venture capital funds to raise the smallest amount of capital in a quarter since the third quarter of 2003, as a veteran capital industry suffers along with the volatility of the economy - 52 funds wider raised $ 1720000000 in the third quarter of 2011, compared with raising funds # T53 3.5 billion in the third quarter of 2010.

Ability of limited partners and the ability to invest in venture capital funds have also been experiencing the negative impact of stagnant prime public offering (IPO)

Limited ability and willingness of partners to invest in venture capital funds have also been negatively impacted by stagnant market offering prime (IPO).

According to the release issued by the NVCA and Thomson Reuters on October 3, 2011, only five companies that supported the company go public in the third quarter of 2011, Down 77% from second quarter of 2011 and 64% from the third quarter of 2010. without the liquidity provided by a healthy IPO market, the partners have less capital available and less incentive to invest in venture capital funds.

On October 10, NVCA - Thomson Reuters release, NVCA President Mark Heesen cautioned that, unless we are willing to see the flow and quality of the IPO is more cash, limited partners will continue to contract industrial enterprises

Life Science Startups Are Less Attracting Capital from VC Funds

Life science startups are drawing less of the depleted capital from venture capital funds available. According to a release published by the NVCA and PricewaterhouseCoopers on October 19, 2011, venture capital funds invested a total of $ 6.95 billion in 876 deals during the third quarter of 2011, with the most investment going to the software sector (a 10-year high for that sector) while the life sciences sector (biotechnology and medical device industries combined) experienced a marked decline.

During the quarter, venture capital funds invested $ 1.1 billion in 96 deals in the biotechnology industry, the which constituted a Decrease of 18% in terms of dollars and 20% in terms of deals relative to the prior quarter, and $ 728 million in 74 deals in the medical device industry, the which constituted a Decrease of 18% in terms of dollars and 21% in terms of deals relative to the prior quarter.

Life science startups' long investment horizon, the which stems from the long and uncertain regulatory process for Their products, has Contributed to Their waning popularity Among venture capital firms. According to a recent survey of venture capital firms by the NVCA and the Medical Innovation and Competitiveness Coalition, 39% of the 156 venture capital firms That participated in the survey (which accounted for $ 10 billion in investments in healthcare companies over the past three years) Their reduced investment in healthcare companies during the past three years, and the same percentage of of participants expect to Reduced Their investment in healthcare companies over the next three years.

The survey also showed within the healthcare sector That, venture capital investment has shifted away from biopharma and medical devices during the past three years-61% of the venture capital firms participated in the survey That FDA regulatory challenges cited as the top factor affecting investment Their decisions.

Life Science Startups Have a Long and Expensive gestation Period

The approval process for new drugs and high risk (Class III) medical devices is expensive and long. Such drugs and medical devices must go through at least Generally three phases of clinical studies before They can go to market. Phase I trials test a drug or medical Such device for the first time on a small group of people (20-80) to evaluate the product's safety, Including identifying side effects, and in the case of a drug, to determine the safe dosage.

Phase II trials expand the number of participants in the studies of (100-300) to attempt to Establish whether the drug or medical device is effective and to further evaluate its safety and side effects.

In Phase III trials, the which examine long-term efficacy and safety, the drug or medical device is given to large groups of of participants (1.000 to 3.000). Successful drugs and medical devices will go to market during Generally Following Phase III trials or, although studies will continue in order to Obtain additional information, Including the product's risks, benefits, and optimal use (Phase IV trials).

It is common for Phases I through III of the clinical studies for a new drug or medical device to cost in excess of $ 100 million and take at least six years. Due to the amount of capital required to develop Such products, life science start-up companies can not rely solely on bootstrapping or angel funding from investors and must look to other options, with venture capital funds Among them primary.

However, even under the best of circumstances, the path to market of a product's life science startup may run up against the 10-year lifespan of most venture capital funds. And, it should be noted That Neither going nor FDA approval to market guarantees the acquisition or IPO for the company That affords venture capital funds and Their limited partners with the liquidity They desire.

As Terry McGuire, cofounder and general partner of Polaris Venture Partners and past chairman of the NVCA, asserted in a recent interview, "The [exit] process has gotten to be so long, and the capital required so deep, that it's Becoming more and more difficult, to generate venture-type returns, and therefore, make it worth your while to do it. "

The path to market for Certain products may actually Become more challenging in the near future. Under the FDA's 510 (k) system, a low risk (Class I) or medium risk (Class II) medical device can be "cleared" for use if it can be established That it is substantially equivalent to a medical device (a "predicate ") That has been cleared or approved Previously by the FDA.

510 (k) clearance requires fewer if any clinical studies, and is therefore, less expensive and faster Generally the approval process than described above. About 90% of medical devices submitted to the FDA are Reviewed under the 510 (k) system.

However, a series of recent recalls of 510 (k)-cleared devices, foremost Among them Johnson & Johnson's decision last year to recall more than 90.000 artificial hips, has led to Scrutiny of the 510 (k) process. The criticism has led to slower turn-around times on 510 (k) clearances and an internal FDA review may result in an That overhaul and slowing down of the process.

Lessons

Life science startups today face daunting prospects available-depleted along with higher capital costs and a longer path to liquidity. Those That survive, or even Thrive, do so by employing a variety of creative strategies for funding.

First and most critically, startups must seek out alternative sources of funding-from angels for early-stage companies to strategic partners, foreign funding sources, venture lenders, and government grants.

Second, startups must Strategically Consider Their Commercialization plans-for example, some companies are Able to secure foreign regulatory approval and less expensively Sooner, and then use profits from foreign sales to drive the U.S. regulatory approval process.

Companies may also Their sights set not on an IPO or large dollar acquisition but instead on an early sale, the which may mean conducting clinical trials but not for the FDA to Establish proof of concept sufficient to entice potential acquirers to fund the U.S. regulatory process Themselves ( Perhaps with an earnout payment to company stockholders).

Finally, startups must take full advantage of all of the upsides of a challenging economy, Including cheaper rent and Greater availability of talent. Innovation today is essential, not only for research and development, but for all aspects of funding and operating a life science startup. Article Source

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