Product Indonesia Asli hasil Karya indonesia yang dikira Buatan Luar

Product Indonesia sudah Mulai dikenal di berbagai negara, dan bisa dikatakan product indonesia ini tidak kalah bagusnya dari product-product luar negeri.

Tetapi Mungkin masih banyak Orang yang mengira bahwa product ini bukanlah hasil buah tangan anak indonesia, karena memang nama-nama product ini seperti bukan bahasa khas indonesia melainkan bahasa-bahasa khas dari luar, tapi jangan salah ternyata product ini benar-benar product indonesia.

Nah, Dibawah ini Yang Saya anggap Product luar tapi ternyata product Lokal atau buatan indonesia.

1. Polygon

Sepeda Gunung ini Adalah Hasil Buah Karya Anak Bangsa indonesia dan
Pabriknya Berada di Kota Sidoarjo.

2. Polytron

Berbagai Jenis Product Electronika Dengan Merk Polytron
telah banyak tersebar di seluruh negeri ini seperti, Kulkas, TV, Radio,
dan Berbagai Mesin-mesin electronika lainya.
Untuk Pabriknya Terletak di Kudus dan Semarang.

3. Byon

Byon Juga adalah Product indonesia yang sekarang
harganya cukup murah dipasarkan di pasaran.

4. Bodypack dan Eiger

Biasanya jika meliat Bodypack, pasti ada Eiger. kenapa? karena Bodypack dan
Eiger ini masih dalam satu induk yang berpusat di Bandung.
Kedua produk ini terkenal dengan produk tasnya.
Bodypack : Tasnya lebih ke style atau wisata
Sedangkan Eiger : untuk berbau alam, tidak salah di kalangan pencinta alam Eiger sudah tidak asing lagi.

5. J.Co Donuts and Coffe

J.Co Produk Lokal dengan mengandalkan racikan Donat dan Kopi berkualitas international.
Di lihat dari lambang J.Co itu sendiri adalah burung merak, salah satu Burung terkenal di Indonesia.

6. California Fried Chicken

Namanya sih Amerika sekali, tp yg buat indonesia loh Yaitu Perusahan Lokal ! Sebelum nama california fried chicken di kasih pada tahun 1988, california fried chicken ini terkanl dengan nama California Pioneer Chicken. soal rasa, tidak kalah dengan ayam goreng asal Amerika.

Dan Mungkin Masih Banyak lagi Product-Product Indonesia yang sudah go international yang belum dapat di share di artikel ini.

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Price Index and Inflation in world trade

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

If you are Diligent to hear or see the Economic News, you may need to read up on the price index. Known capital market composite stock price index, known in the trade of the wholesale trade price index, and the measurement of inflation known consumer price index. Discussed in this section a useful index to measure price inflation, the consumer price index (CPI) or the "Consumer Price Index" (CPI).

The Inflation rate usually calculated from the percentage change in CPI over a period of time. Understanding the consumer price index is a measure of the average change in prices of a commodity packages (Commodity Basket) in a certain period of time or over time. CPI describes the changes in general of a number (Packet) commodity consumption in urban households. Packages of commodities used in compiling the CPI obtained from the household expenditure survey is usually called the cost of living survey (SBH). According to Central Bureau of Statistics, the price index numbers are numbers that show the comparison of prices in two different times so that the price index number is defined as the number of comparisons between the prices of commodities or kelompokkomoditas which occurred in a period of time with a predetermined period of time. Because the price data used is the price the consumer price index used is the consumer price index.

CPI calculation purposes are as follows:

1. Knowing the price development of goods and services incorporated in the CPI scale diagram
2. As a guideline to determine a policy that will come, especially in the field of economic development.
3. For calculating the minimum wage adjustment counties (SMEs)
4. Supply and demand facilitate the monitoring needs of the particular goods in the market.

To Calculate the CPI need to know first the prices of which are preferably used. The consumer price index covers the prices of commodities commonly purchased household. Changes in the CPI is intended to measure changes in household living expenses. In addition, the prices of different commodities are usually changed with different proportions, so keep in mind how important changes in the price of a commodity, such as changes in the price of rice was more important than price changes in bird nests turtledove. Thus in calculating the CPI each commodity is weighted to reflect the relative importance of these commodities.

Government through the central statistical agency regularly conducts a survey of a group of so-called household survey of consumer spending. The result will show how consumers spend penghasilannya.untuk give weight to, a group of consumer goods purchased bias determined in advance, and then the proportion of income spent for each item. The proportion is used as the weight on each price in determining the CPI. As a result, the CPI gives a high weighting in commodity prices which consumers spend less income.

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Terms of Delivery of Goods in a Trading Company Transactions

Terms of delivery of goods is an agreement between buyer and seller on the spot to deliver the goods receipt yag sale. Delivery of goods is carried out after price agreement is obtained and the amount of goods. In terms of delivery is listed parties who bear the cost of shipping goods from warehouse to warehouse sale purchase.

The terms of delivery of the goods that are common in the trade as follows:

A. Franco Warehouse Sales (Free On Board Shipping Point)

Franco Warehouse sale (Free On Board Shipping Point) means that the seller delivers all the goods sold to the buyer at the sale barn. So in this case, the recording of transactions and the transfer of ownership of goods is recognized from the sale barn. Buyers should bear the cost of shipping goods from warehouse to warehouse their own sellers. If the journey there is damage or loss arising from the losses incurred by the buyer.

B. Franco Warehouse Purchasers (Free On Board Destination Point)

Franco Warehouse Purchasers (Free On Board Destination Point) means that the seller delivers the goods sold to the buyer at the buyer's warehouse. In this case, the sale and transfer of ownership into the hands of new buyers is recognized after the goods until the buyer's warehouse. Any costs incurred for shipping the goods to the warehouse until the buyer, the seller paid.

C. Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF)

Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) that is, the seller must bear the burden of freight and premium asuansi loss on the goods. CIF is usually done in terms of export and import transactions.

Transactions that occur in the trading company

Transactions that occur on a trading company of which you can know the following:

A. The merchandise purchases (Purchases)

Purchases of merchandise can be made in cash and credit SCARA. Merchandise purchases recorded in the purchase of the purchase price. If the purchase of merchandise in cash, recorded in the purchase of next debit and credit accounts next debt. But when the company purchased the office equipment that is the account debited office equipment instead of purchasing accounts.

B. Return of the purchased merchandise returns and reduction of the purchase price (Purchases returns and allowances)

Purchased merchandise is sometimes not in accordance with the order or in a state of defective or damaged shingga had to be returned. The purchase of this merchandise to reduce the amount of the debt if the purchase is made on credit. In certain circumstances may a debt reduction is not offset by the return of goods for consideration of the cost of return greater than the price of goods or other factors.

If the return item or request a price reduction occurs, the buyer must make a record of evidence in the form of a debit note or debit memo to the seller. Debit memorandum recording by the purchaser will be recorded on accounts payable debit side, whereas purchase returns and price reductions next credit.

C. Payment of transportation costs of purchased goods (freight in)

Pieces are obtained if the buyer purchases qualify for a discount. Therefore, the repayment of note receivable, if the buyer a discount or not. Purchase pieces acquired by the purchaser recorded in the accounts payable account in debit and credit purchase pieces at redemption.

E. Pieces purchases (Purchases Discount)

Direct-duty paid on account of the buyer will be noted next to the cost of debit and credit side of cash account. Load transport is the responsibility of the buyer but in practice do put on sales and purchase invoices, will increase the amount of debt and recorded under the purchase of right-duty accounts payable debit and credit side.

F. Merchandise Sales (Sales)

Sales of merchandise can be made in cash or on credit.

The amount of money stated at the price agreed upon between buyer and seller.

The seller in cash is usually performed by a retail merchant (retailer), such as department stores, stores, retail stores, small shops and other stores. Sales on credit are recorded in accounts receivable debit side and credit side of sales account.

G. Acceptance of returned merchandise sold purchase returns and price reductions (sales returns and allowances)

If the goods have been sold readmitted damaged in transit or due to other things and the seller agree to return the goods, the seller will issue a credit memo or credit note addressed to the purchaser upon receipt of returned goods have sold it.

Based on these credit notes, the seller will be recorded in account sales returns and price reductions of debit and credit accounts in accounts receivable.

H. Payment of expenses of conveyance of goods sold (Freight out)

Transport burden of this sale by the seller of conveyance is recorded in an expense account and debit sales in accounts payable account in credit. If the sale in cash, the sale will record an expense account transport and sale of next debate next cash credit account.

I. Pieces of Sales (Sales Discount)

Trade discount is a cash discount given by the seller to the buyer because the buyer meets the requirements of the agreed or buyer to pay off debts on the long term. The amount of cash discount under an agreement the buyer and seller are defined in terms of payment.

Pieces of sales, sales returns and discounts is a contra account of sales revenue account, which will reduce the amount of income earned by the company.

The seller will record the number of pieces given to the buyer in the trade discount accounts in debit and credit accounts receivable at.

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Characteristics and Types of Transactions Trading Company

A. Characteristics of Trade Company
Trading company is a company whose main business is buying goods for the purpose of sale without reprocessing. In the event of processing is usually limited to the packaging or the provision of specialized packaging for goods more attractive. Trading companies can be divided into wholesalers and small traders. Basanya wholesalers buy goods directly from factories producing these goods. While small traders (retailers) to purchase goods from wholesalers for resale to consumers directly with the retail price.

The process of recording transactions in principle the same trading company with the listing process performed on the company's services. Only in a trading company needed the additional accounts and certain procedures relating to the purchase and sale of merchandise.

One karasteristik listing on the trading company is the calculation of cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold is the amount applied by the company until the acquisition cost of goods ready for sale.

To calculate the cost of goods sold required records relating to the purchase, transportation costs, purchase returns and price reductions, discounts purchases, merchandise inventory beginning of the period, as well as end of period inventory.

Given the da karasteristik the special accounts are needed, then pmbuatan company's financial statements will be different from merchant services company report. There are clear differences in the income statement, considering that the calculations contained therein cost of goods sold, while the other financial statements, ie balance sheet and statement of changes in capital is almost the same as the accounting services firm.

Trading company activities include:
a. Purchase goods for resale without changing shape.
b. Traded goods are tangible physical
c. Basic income in the form of sales
d. A staple of the cost of goods sold (Cost of good sold)

Operation of trading companies as follows:
a. purchase
b. payment
c. sale
d. receipt of goods

Basically a trading company has the following main activities which include buying, selling merchandise, receipts, and disbursements. In this trading activity, not out of the following conditions:
a. payment terms
b. delivery terms

Payment Terms trading company in the transaction
Buy and sell, especially for payments made on credit, payment terms at a time when that would come to be defined clearly so that both sides know some of the amount to be paid and when payment must be made.

Payment terms closely related to the provision of pieces that can be divided into:
a. Cut Cash
Cut Cash (cash discount) is a piece provided by the seller to the buyer in connection with payments made eligible cash discount has been determined. While the credit period is the grace period given by the seller to the buyer to make payment.

Pieces and the credit period must be stated in the invoice, for example, 2/10, n/30 means pmbeli will receive 2% discount if payment is made no later than 10 days of account after the date of the transaction.

While the nominal loan period (n) given is 30 days.
Example:
Dated March 4, 2012, CV Prosperous merchandise sold for Rp. 200,000.00 with terms 2/10, n/30.
This means, CV Prosperity will mmberi discount to buyers of Rp. 4000.00 (2% x 200,000.00), if payment is made no later than 14 March 2012. later than the date the buyer does not get cut and the purchaser must pay the amount of Rp. 200,000.00 until April 3.
b. Quantity of pieces
Quality pieces (Quantity discounts) is granted if the number of pieces of the goods purchased are qualified in quantity discounts. So in this case if the greater number of purchases, the lower the One Price.

In addition to the above terms, there is still no agreement the buyer and seller which is a condition of payment, the End of Mount (EOM), which are divided into:

A. EOM payment terms, meaning that the net invoice price must be paid no later than the end of the sale. In this case, the seller does not give discount to the buyer.
On 5 April 2012 is to purchase merchandise for Rp. 100,000.00 on condition of EOM. This means, the buyer must pay the net invoice price no later than 30 April 2012, without a discount.

B. payment terms n / 5, EOM, meaning that the net invoice price must be paid no later than 5 days after the end of the month without a discount.
On 11 May 2012 made ​​the purchase of merchandise for Rp. 300,000.00 provided that n / 5, EOM. This means, the buyer must pay the invoice price no later than the 5th of June 2012 without a discount.

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Understanding Consumption in everyday life in Economic activity

Consumption

In everyday life, a term commonly associated with the consumption of food and beverages are required to perform certain activities. For example to hold a wedding, trip, or other activity bias section was set up in charge of taking care of household consumption of food and beverages.

In economics, the notion of consumption is not just limited to the issue of eating and drinking, but on all the necessities of life in the community, both physical and spiritual needs.

A. Understanding Consumption

Consumption is the use of goods and services directed to make ends meet. As we know, the necessities of life in the community is very diverse needs such as food, drink, clothing, housing, health, education, and entertainment. To meet the various needs of the necessary goods and services.

B. Characteristic of Consumer Goods

To understand the meaning of Customer goods we can follow some of the following descriptions.

• Consumed goods are goods produced by the human use of land, air and sunlight, and other gifts of nature are not included in the definition of consumption.
• Goods consumed directly aimed at meeting the needs of weeks to live. The use of hoes, saws, machinery, office buildings and other capital goods is essentially aimed at producing goods and services that can not be put in terms of consumption.
• Goods will be exhausted or consumed gradually shrinks and eventually unusable.

From the above definition of consumer goods, the goods can be directly used to meet the needs of life are called consumer goods. Such items can be divided into two kinds.

• Items that can be used just once, such as food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals
• Items that can be used multiple times, such as clothing, home furnishings, and vehicles. Such goods are gradually shrinking or diminishing their role and eventually unusable.

C. Purpose of consumption activities

The objective is to meet consumption needs in person. That means, that the use of the goods outside of that purpose can not be included as consumption activities. For example, a vehicle can be used directly to make ends meet owners or leased to another person.

When used by the owner, kenderaanitu is Customer goods. However, if the leased vehicle is not a Customer item.

Cases like the above vehicles may occur in the home, furniture, party equipment, or other items are rented and the results used to make ends meet.

In such case, the goods are the means of production or capital goods.

D. Consumer behavior in consumption.

Behavior is essentially goal-oriented. In other words, the behavior is generally motivated by an activity to achieve any particular goal. Motivation of the people on the forces trgantung their motives. Basically, the motives or needs are the reasons that underlie behavior.

Needs or desires of each person very much. If the count will not inexhaustible. Therefore, the individual life is always faced with a range of alternative options and should exercise the option in connection with the limited resources available.

The concept of choice is a fundamental consumer behavior. Basic concepts of consumer behavior in general states that consumers are always trying to achieve the maximum satisfaction from the use of objects. Satisfaction or utility is the degree of how much of a good or service can satisfy the needs of a person or a measure of satisfaction received from users of goods or services.

Because it deals with a measure of satisfaction from the use of goods and services, utilities often referred to as use value. Every consumer has the satisfaction level of different, but each person will strive to achieve maximum satisfaction with income and limited by the price of goods.

Theory of consumer behavior using two approaches, namely the approach or approaches to the cardinal and the indifference curve approach or ordinal approach.

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Economy According to the central issue of Classical and stream flow of modern

"According to the central issue of Economic Classics Flow"

Of limited resources and unlimited desires comes the Fundamental Economic problems.

Principal Economic problem has always existed and still exists today. Here we will discuss the basic economic problem that has arisen since humans live in groups or community based on a review of "Classical Economists" and "Modern Economists".

Classical Economics is represented by "Adam Smith". According to Adam smith wealth lies not in gold, but on welfare goods mnunjukkan a state of balance between the needs of the object with the object of satisfying the needs of satisfying the needs. Process to achieve the prosperity of a society is not easy. This is the main economic problems in society.

According to the theory of Classical Economics, Public Economics subject matter can be classified to three important issues, namely:

• Production Problem - To achieve prosperity, consumer goods should be available in the community. Because the community is very heterogeneous, then the items available are various kinds so that it appears the problem for manufacturers, which is what items should be produced. The emergence of the above questions is because heterogeneous society. Thus, certainly cause problems for producers and raises concerns when producing a particular item, but not consumed by the public. 
• Distribution Problems - In order for the goods / services that have been produced can be up to the right people, facilities and infrastructure needed a good distribution. Example, from garden crops to a conveyance which supported a good road infrastructure to harvest quickly to the hands of consumers and does not accumulate on the manufacturer. 
• Consumption Problem - The production has didstribusikan to society can ideally be used or consumed by the right people and used to meet the exact needs are. Problems that arise if the item will be taken exactly by the people who really need it or be in vain because it is not affordable by the community sehigga consumption process is not running as an economic subject.

"According to the Flow of Basic Economic Problems of Modern"

Modern Economists agree that the resources available, there are at least three main problems facing any economy and should be solved by the people as economic subjects.

• Product and what services will be produced and how much? (What and how much) - Given the limited resources available production and its use is alternative, then the community should determine the type and quantity of goods and services to be produced. Communities can choose one or several types of goods and services to be produced with a certain ratio. Choices made by people who viewed the most favorable course and provide the greatest benefit for the community to meet the needs. 
• Which way as to produce? (How?) - This question is related to the applied production techniques and the ability to combine the factors of production or resource that is in the process of production. With limited economic resources available the producers must be able to create an efficient production techniques. To that end, advances in science and technology production should be increased 
• For Whom the Goods and Services Produced? (For whom?) - This question is a matter for whom or which the society is to enjoy the goods and services produced. Does every citizen have the same or different?

Are the goods / services only for the rich only? Is the national income has been distributed fairly? Should the salaries of the manager ten times the salary of workers? Is cheap car project to be implemented for low-income people can consume it?

All questions regarding to whom the goods / Services Produced.

The third issue on the what, how and for whom are fundamental and are inter-linked with each other and are always faced by every country, both developing countries and countries that have been developed. However, not all the economy can solve the third problem the same way.

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Adam Smiths History as a Figure whose role in Economic Development

Adam Smit son of a civil servant, born in Kirkcaldy, near Edinburgh. Adam Smit is the father of classical flow. In his famous book "The Wealth of Nation's (1776, coinciding with the founding of the United States) Smit explained what had always been the principal economic problem, namely how to increase the wealth / prosperity of a country and how wealth is distributed.

According to Smit, the only source of wealth of a country is the production. That is, the more production will be more rich / prosperous a country. Production is more and more can be created through labor specialization can increase production. A concept that transcends time.

"Source: World Economic Fifty-thinker"

The Basic Economic Problems can be divided into:

1. Basic Economic Problems In Classical Flow - According to the theory of classical economics, public economics subject matter can be classified to three important issues, namely:
   • Production problems
   • Distribution problems
   • onsumption problem

      2. According to the Basic Economic Problems of Modern Flow.
         Modern economists agree that the resources available, there are at least three main problems
         facing any economy and should be solved by the people as economic subjects.

• Goods and services what to produce and how much? (what and how much?)
• Which way as to produce? (How?)
• For Whom the Goods and Services Produced? (for whom?)

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Understanding the Market Oligopoly with description and market characteristics.

Oligopoly is a form of market structure where there are only a few or a few manufacturers who sell products that are identical or similar to each other.

The main feature of oligopoly markets there are only a few companies in the market, such as the world oil market is filled by the middle eastern countries only, cellular telephone services market in Indonesia is only filled by Telkomsel, Indosat, Pro-XL, Axis, and Esia.

Due to the small players in this market, the most striking properties that arises is the strong attraction between the desire and interests of unilateral cooperation among the existing companies on the market. For example, Vodacom intends to work with Indosat in tariff setting in the daytime so that the price received by both parties could be higher than the price set by each company so that it could be higher profit-making. This desire may not appeal to Indosat Indosat feel better because it sets its own rates just because it can be more flexible in menetapkanya individually.

Another characteristic is the presence of price rigidity. Price rigidity occurs when a competitor lowers the price of its products. For example PT.Telkomsel lower the cost of SMS, from Rp.350 to Rp.150. This action will be followed by Indosat with helped reduce the cost of SMS. This is because indosat worry if it does not lower the cost of the same customers will move to Telkomsel. However, if the PT. Telkomsel raise the cost of Rp 350 to Rp 500 SMS Indosat will also raise the cost is not the same as hoping to get new customers who move from Telkomsel. So the price in the oligopoly market is tough to ride, but not tough to get off.

The next cirri is a cartel. In oligopoly markets it is possible to perform the cartel, which is two or more similar firms merge into one to form a monopoly. This will be explained further in the case of duopoly.

Oligopoli Market last characteristic is the existence of price leadership. Usually this happens if there is one big company to act as a leader and a follower of other small companies only.

Goodness Market Oligopoly

Goodness Oligopoly markets are as follows:

a. Efficiency. Sometimes it takes only a few companies on the market just so that other companies will only mempersengit persainan thus raising production costs. For example, in market there are only a boeing aircraft and water buses.

b. Because it is involved in the market only a few companies, if they brsaing would be more beneficial to consumers in terms of price and quality of the product because if one of these companies to raise prices, moved keperusahaan competitors direct their customers.

As for the ugliness of the Market Oligopoly is as follows:

a. It takes a great investment and capital to enter the market because of economies of scale that has been created by companies that are in the market so it is very difficult to enter the market.

b. In the market there may be a company that holds patents on a product that is not possible for other companies to manufacture the same product.

c. Some companies in the market may already have a loyal customer or customers that other companies it is difficult to rival companies.

d. Long-term existence of barriers such as granting a franchise by the government so that other companies can not enter the market.

e. The possibility of collusion (collusion) between firms in the market so as to form a monopoly and harm society.

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